Integrated assessment of CI engine combustion and catalyst durability with graphene- infused Pongamia pinnata biodiesel (opens in new tab)

The need for sustainable fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines is highlighted by the escalating energy crisis and stringent emissions regulations. This study examined diesel- Pongamia methyl Ester (PME) blends (B10, B20, B30) and their graphene-infused counterparts (30 ppm; B10Gr, B20Gr, and B30Gr) at 1500 rpm under various loads in a single cylinder CI engine. In addition to the comparatively unexplored topic of catalytic converter durability, the investigation concentrated on combustio...