Halide perovskites have revolutionized photovoltaics, achieving efficiencies that rival those of crystalline silicon. However, as the technology nears industrialization, the focus must shift from power conversion efficiency to the holistic pillars of reliability, scalability and circularity. This Review evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of large-scale perovskite manufacturing, appraising ecological impacts across the entire life cycle. We analyse the chemical precursor landscap...

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