Reinforcement-learning signals support dynamic adaptive control during language switching (opens in new tab)

Language switching exemplifies a real-world model of adaptive control, as bilinguals select languages in response to continuously changing contextual demands. Although the Adaptive Control Hypothesis (ACH) highlights context-dependent language control in bilinguals, how these strategies are learned remains unclear. Drawing on reinforcement learning (RL) theory, we examined whether reward prediction error (RPE) drives adjustments in voluntary language switching. Chinese-English bilinguals perf...