Hierarchical endpoints and win statistics for geromedicine trials (opens in new tab)

Geroscience has advanced rapidly, yet its clinical translation remains limited. A central barrier is the lack of trial outcomes that capture the multidimensional effects of geroprotective interventions while meeting clinical and regulatory standards. Mortality is objective and regulatorily salient but often impractical. By contrast, surrogate measures of healthspan improve feasibility and may better reflect the quality of extended life, but they are generally considered soft endpoints that re...