We are welcoming you to our weekly digest! Here, we discuss the latest trends and advancements in account abstraction, chain abstraction and everything related, as well as bring some insights from Etherspot’s kitchen.

The latest news we’ll cover:

• Ethereum Gas Fees Drift Toward 2 Cents as Usage Stays High
• EIP-7702 Infra X Space: Public Mempool, EOAs, and the Road to Ethereum Native AA
• Japan Meets AA with JPYC-Powered Gasless UX
• Can Fusaka Keep Users on L2 if Fees Drop Another 60%?
• Vitalik on Ethereum’s Possible Futures (VI): The Splurge

Please fasten your belts!

Ethereum Gas Fees Drift Toward 2 Cents as Usage Stays High

Coinglass reports that average Ethereum gas fees have recently fallen to around two cents per transaction while daily transaction counts hover near 1.6 million. The combination of cheaper blockspace and sustained activity suggests that the network is finally delivering something closer to “retail-friendly” pricing again, rather than the painful fee spikes of past cycles.

The article attributes the improvement to two forces working together. First, L2s now handle a large share of activity, offloading traffic from mainnet while still settling back to Ethereum. Second, the roadmap around Fusaka and PeerDAS is explicitly designed to expand blob capacity and make rollup data cheaper, which should further compress L2 fees and stabilize mainnet costs as usage grows.

For users, this changes the practical definition of “on-chain.” A few years ago, many flows simply weren’t viable under typical gas conditions, especially small transfers or frequent interactions.

With fees near pennies and L2 UX maturing, simple swaps, games, micro-payments, and agent-driven activity become far more realistic. The article frames this as Ethereum edging back into “everyday” territory instead of being reserved only for whales and DeFi power users.

For account and chain abstraction builders, low, steady fees are almost a prerequisite. Batched UserOps, sponsored gas, and intent-based routing only feel magical if the underlying execution is cheap enough that users don’t care about each individual call.

EIP-7702 Infra X Space: Public Mempool, EOAs, and the Road to Native AA

Etherspot published a recap of its “All About EIP-7702 Infra” X Space, bringing together voices from the Ethereum Foundation (Tom Teman), Optimism (Harry Markley), and PillarX (Aldin Ademovic) to unpack what the new EIP-7702 infrastructure actually does in practice. The conversation framed 7702 as a bridge for existing EOA users into smart-wallet UX, while ERC-4337 remains the best starting point for brand-new users and wallets.

Tom clarified: EIP-7702 is ideal for people who already have EOAs and balances and want better UX without changing addresses; ERC-4337 is still the preferred path for fresh accounts that can start “smart” from day one. Under the hood, both share the same machinery: UserOperations, bundlers, and a shared mempool, so the infrastructure built for one largely benefits the other.

The heart of the discussion was the public mempool. Tom stressed that the shared UserOp mempool is core to Ethereum’s decentralization: without it, execution would drift toward private relayers, creating censorship and single points of failure. Partha from Etherspot added that a shared mempool also protects infra providers themselves; if one bundler or paymaster goes down, others can still pick up UserOps and keep wallets usable.

Etherspot has been working with the Ethereum Foundation and bundler teams like Candide Labs and Silius to make this shared mempool live and production-ready. The 7702 infra is built to slot directly into existing Viem-based stacks, so wallets don’t need deep rewrites, just an SDK layer and updated endpoints.

From Optimism’s side, Harry highlighted how a shared mempool fits its scalability and decentralization goals: more bundler competition, a fairer fee market, and better resilience for OP Stack ecosystems. Optimism is among the first L2s to support 7702 post-Pectra, giving its devs early access to the new AA primitives.

PillarX, meanwhile, is using the infra to give existing users smart-account-like flows without forcing asset migrations, and plans to pair full 7702 support with Etherspot’s Pulse chain-abstraction solution.

Japan Meets AA with JPYC-Powered Gasless UX

An X post highlights that JPYC, the Japanese yen-pegged stablecoin from @jpyc_official, now works “seamlessly” inside their wallet, with a focus on account abstraction-style UX. The post describes JPYC as fully regulated in Japan and backed by real yen reserves such as bank deposits and government bonds.

In this setup, JPYC is treated as a first-class asset in the wallet rather than just another token. The announcement emphasizes two immediate capabilities. First, users can pay transaction (gas) fees directly in JPYC, meaning they don’t need to hold native tokens like ETH, POL, or AVAX to get started. Second, users can send JPYC to themselves and then swap into ETH without ever touching native gas tokens along the way.

The post frames this experience as “Japan meets account abstraction,” pointing to a UX where stablecoins act as the entry point to Web3 rather than native chain assets. By letting users operate purely with a regulated yen stablecoin, the wallet reduces the usual onboarding friction of acquiring the right gas token for the right network before doing anything useful.

Technically, the flow is described as being powered by EIP-7702. That standard allows additional execution logic to sit behind an existing account for a transaction, enabling patterns like non-native gas payment without forcing a full smart-account migration. Here, it is used to move closer to the “no-native-token” UX that many account abstraction builders have been envisioning.

Can Fusaka Keep Users on L2 if Fees Drop Another 60%?

CryptoSlate published an analysis asking whether Ethereum’s upcoming Fusaka upgrade — and especially PeerDAS — will help rollups retain users or accidentally tempt more activity back to L1. The piece centers on projections that improved blob data availability could cut L2 fees by up to 60%, depending on network conditions and how quickly blob capacity is raised after activation.

The article explains that Fusaka’s PeerDAS design lets nodes sample only parts of blobs instead of downloading full payloads, making it cheaper and safer to increase the number of blobs per block.

Combined with the planned Blob-Parameter-Only (BPO) forks, this should expand data capacity in stages, allowing L2s to post more data at lower per-byte costs without stressing node hardware overnight.

On the user side, CryptoSlate frames the core UX question: if L2 fees go from “cheap” to “almost free,” does that make rollups the default home for everyday activity, or does a cheaper L1 blur the lines again? The piece leans toward rollups remaining the primary venue. Even with Fusaka, L1 execution is still scarce and expensive relative to rollups; the real impact is that L2s get more headroom to scale without pricing users out.

The article also touches on wallet and abstraction implications. With rollups able to offer sub-cent fees more consistently, account abstraction flows — batched UserOps, paymasters, and cross-chain intents — have room to run without turning every multi-step action into a noticeable cost. If L2s stay cheap and reliable, wallets can be more aggressive about moving complexity off the user’s plate: background bridging, rebalancing, and agentic flows that rely on frequent, low-value calls.

In that framing, Fusaka isn’t a threat to L2s but an enabler: Ethereum upgrades the DA “power grid,” rollups use that capacity to absorb mainstream usage, and account & chain abstraction systems stitch it into something that feels like one coherent chain.

Vitalik on Ethereum’s Possible Futures (VI): The Splurge

Vitalik Buterin has published “Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 6: The Splurge,” outlining a set of future upgrades focused on improving the EVM and protocol ergonomics rather than adding new headline features. A Bitget summary breaks down the post and highlights how these ideas could influence security, scalability, and L1–L2 alignment over time.

At the core of The Splurge is EOF (Ethereum Object Format), a restructuring of how EVM bytecode is packaged and verified. EOF is intended to make contracts easier to analyze, enforce clearer structure, and reduce implementation complexity across clients and execution environments.

Vitalik also discusses EVM-MAX and related instruction-set improvements, including SIMD-style optimizations, to make execution more efficient and especially beneficial for rollups that rely on heavy computation. The aim is to keep the EVM viable long term while narrowing the gap with domain-specific VMs that target performance.

The roadmap text touches on cryptography and wallets as well: it mentions potential support for post-quantum-resistant schemes, stronger multisig and social-recovery patterns, and “tiered” security models where different keys or policies govern different actions. These ideas are framed as possible directions rather than finalized specifications.

Privacy and censorship resistance appear as recurring themes. Vitalik points to simplifying privacy protocols and reducing dependency on centralized broadcasters or relayers, so users can transact privately without introducing new chokepoints or trusted intermediaries.

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