Objectives

• Create A SQLite Database
• Import Database Into an SQL Client
• SQLite Data Types
• Constraints
• Create Table

Introduction

Previously, we discussed Databases briefly, and in this excerpt, we will look into SQL.

In this excerpt, we will discuss creating tables.

Create A SQLite Database

Creating a SQLite database is quite simple and straightforward. Create a file with a .sqlite extension. I will make one called app.sqlite. Open the newly created database with Beekeeper Studio or SQLite Browser.

In Beekeeper Studio, under the New Connection text, click on the drop-down, Select a connection type.... Choose SQLite. Now, click on the Choose File button and navigate to where your new SQLite database was created and choose it.

Then click on Connect, and this should be what you will see. The database name will appear in the very lower left corner.

In SQLite Browser, you can create a new database with New Database or Open Database. We will open a new database. Click on the Open Database button, then navigate to where your new SQLite database was created and choose it.

After choosing it, the path to the selected database will be displayed in the title bar.

SQLite Data Types

In JavaScript Essentials: Part 1, we discussed data types. In JavaScript, we have Number, Boolean, and String. In SQLite we have INTEGER, REAL, TEXT, BLOB and NULL.

• INTEGER and REAL are numbers.
• SQLite doesn’t have a direct boolean. As we are all aware, a boolean value is either true or false, which can be represented as 1 or 0. Hence, we can use an INTEGER for a boolean.
• TEXT for string.
• BLOB - “Binary Large Object” is used to store raw binary data such as images, files, etc.
• NULL mean no data. When you fill a form and you omit or leave an input blank, it is null.

Constraints

These are limitations, guards or characters of a field.

• NOT NULL: NULL means no data, so NOT NULL means no NULL or data is expected or required.
• UNIQUE KEY: A field declared unique will have a unique key; as such, any other values will have a different value. A common use case is for emails or usernames. You can’t have two users on your platform with the same emails. Imagine you send a verification code to one, and the other also receives it.
• PRIMARY KEY: A primary key uniquely identifies a row (record) in a table. Generally, as soon as a field is declared as a primary key, it becomes the primary key, regardless of its type. However, in most cases, the primary key is the row ID.
• DEFAULT: It is the value to be used when no value is passed when creating the row. When a field is not NOT NULL constrained, the default value will be NULL.
• CHECK: It is a condition that the value must satisfy.
• FOREIGN KEY: It is a field used to reference another table. This is usually the primary key from the other table.

Create Table

In Introduction to Databases, we talk about tables and what they are.

To create a table in SQLite, we can either use the client (Beekeeper studio, SQLite, etc as a GUI or script, a script that you will have to execute or directly on the terminal (with SQLite).

Generally, the format of creating a table is:

CREATE TABLE <TABLE_NAME> (
field1 type [constraints],
field2 type [constraints],
...,
fieldN type [constraints]
);

Human tables

Let’s create a table for a human. Boring the knowledge from JavaScript - knowledge transfer, a human has some characteristics (properties), which will turn into fields (columns) in SQL. Let’s say we have a human with a name, date of birth, social security number, email, cars and has a pet, just to keep it short.

Now, what will be the types of the following properties: firstName, lastName, middleName, dateOfBirth, socialSecurityNumber, email, numberOfCars, and hasPet?.

In a real application or API, we don’t save SSNs because it is very sensitive information.

The same types would translate to the field type in SQL(ite).

• firstName, lastName, middleName, socialSecurityNumber and email are all string, as such they become TEXT
• dateOfBirth is a Date object, but we don’t have a direct date type in SQLite, so we can parse the dateOfBirth as a string, which means dateOfBirth can be saved as a TEXT. The Date object has a method, valueOf() or getTime(), with this, we can convert the date to a number, which we can either choose to store as an INTEGER or TEXT
• numberOfCars is a number and so we will use an INTEGER type
• hasPet is a boolean. Since there is no boolean type in SQLite, we can use 1 for true and 0 for false.

Since the subject of this is a human, we can name our table human.

We can choose another format for the way we write out our field names. We will be using Camel Casing Double quote fields and single quote string/text values

CREATE TABLE "human" (
"firstName" TEXT,
"lastName" TEXT,
"socialSecurityNumber" TEXT,
"email" TEXT,
"dateOfBirth" TEXT,
"hasPet" INTEGER,
"numberOfCars" INTEGER,
);

This table has no constraints. Apart from the email and SSN, which can be used to identify a unique human, we can also introduce a numeric field for record ID, id. This id will be a primary key.

CREATE TABLE "human" (
"id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
...
);

Now we have a primary key that will be used to identify a row. In practice, this id, which is an integer, must be different for each row to be a primary key. We can add one to the current id to get the next valid id. This will mean we will have to manually or programmatically take care of this and maintain it. However, the database has this constraint called AUTOINCREMENT, which will “automatically” increment the “ids” for uniqueness.

CREATE TABLE "human" (
"id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
...
);

Primary keys are not null and unique, so we don’t have to specify that Comment in Javascript is // or /* */. In SQL, it is -- for a single-line comment

For the table we have above, by default, all the fields are nullable. This means they are not required. When a field is required (needed not to be null), then we have to specify that it is not null. firstName, lastName, middleName, socialSecurityNumber and email are fields whose values are required, so we will have to set them to NOT NULL. This way, the database will require that values be explicitly passed for these fields.

CREATE TABLE "human" (
"id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
"firstName" TEXT NOT NULL,
"lastName" TEXT NOT NULL,
"socialSecurityNumber" TEXT NOT NULL,
"email" TEXT NOT NULL,
"dateOfBirth" TEXT,
"hasPet" INTEGER,
"numberOfCars" INTEGER,
);

dateOfBirth in our case here will be nullable; as such, we have to handle it appropriately. Not every human has a pet. In a case like this, we set the default value for hasPet to false. The same applies to numberOfCars but to 0.

Why won’t null be necessarily a “good” value?

CREATE TABLE "human" (
...
"hasPet" INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
"numberOfCars" INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
);

socialSecurityNumber and email are supposed to be unique values. We can programmatically handle this as well via code before the data reaches the database.

CREATE TABLE "human" (
...
"socialSecurityNumber" TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"email" TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
...
);

You can ride the updated script via Beekeeper studio or SQLite. We can also run this via the terminal.

$ sqlite3 app.sqlite
SQLite version 3.43.2 2023-10-10 13:08:14
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite>

Even when not create, sqlite3 <DATABASE NAME.sqlite> will create a new SQLite database with name <DATABASE NAME.sqlite> Create a file with a .sqlite extension. I will create one called app.sqlite.

sqlite> CREATE TABLE "human" (
(x1...> "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
(x1...> "firstName" TEXT NOT NULL,
(x1...> "lastName" TEXT NOT NULL,
(x1...> "socialSecurityNumber" TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
(x1...> "email" TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
(x1...> "dateOfBirth" TEXT,
(x1...> "hasPet" INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
(x1...> "numberOfCars" INTEGER DEFAULT 0
(x1...> );
sqlite> .tables
human
sqlite>

CREATE, TABLE, INTEGER, DEFAULT, etc can all be in lower case

Analyze and create a table for the profile object below.

const profile = {
name: "John Doe",
"date of birth": "2000-12-25",
profession: "Software Engineer",
"number of pets": 2,
"weight of protein in grams": 12.5,
"has a job": true,
};

Share what you experience

Resources

• sqlite-browser
• beekeeper-studio
• nodejs-sqlite
• nodejs-sqlite
• introduction-to-databases
• sqlite-constraints
• w3s-sqlite-constraints
• sqlite-quirks
• javascript-part-1