From Data to Rewards: a Bilevel Optimization Perspective on Maximum LikelihoodEstimation
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How AI Learns Without Rewards: A New Double‑Layer Trick

Ever wondered how a writer can craft a story without any feedback? Scientists have discovered a clever two‑step method that lets AI models improve themselves even when no clear reward is given. By treating the reward itself as something to be optimized, they set up a bilevel optimization puzzle: the inner layer teaches the model to generate text or images, while the outer layer tweaks the hidden reward so the output gets better. Think of it like a chef tasting a dish and then adjusting the secret spice blend until the flavor is just right. This approach fixes a long‑standing flaw of the classic Maximum Likelihood training, which often makes AI forget what it learned before. The result? Smarter, more adaptable gene…

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