Artificial intelligence is moving fast.

Every week, new tools appear that make it easier to build apps powered by large language models.

But many beginners still get stuck on one question. How do you structure the logic of an AI application? How do you connect prompts, memory, tools, and APIs in a clean way?

That is where popular open-source frameworks like LangChain and LangGraph come in.

Both are part of the same ecosystem. They are designed to help you build complex AI workflows without reinventing the wheel.

LangChain focuses on building sequences of steps called chains, while LangGraph takes things a step further by adding memory, branching, and feedback loops to make your AI more intelligent and flexible.

This guide will help you understand what these tools do, how they differ, and how you can start using them to build your own AI projects.

What is LangChain?

LangChain is a Python and JavaScript framework that helps you build language model powered applications. It provides a structure for connecting models like GPT, data sources, and tools into a single flow.

Instead of writing long prompt templates or hard coding logic, you use components like chains, tools, and agents.

A simple example is chaining prompts together.

For instance, you might first ask the model to summarize text, and then use the summary to generate a title. LangChain lets you define both steps and connect them in code.

Here is a basic example in Python:

from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate from langchain.chains import LLMChain from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini") prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template("Summarize the following text:\n{text}") chain = LLMChain(prompt=prompt, llm=llm) result = chain.run({"text": "LangChain helps developers build AI apps faster."}) print(result) 

This simple chain takes text and runs it through an OpenAI model to get a summary. You can add more steps, like a second chain to turn that summary into a title or a question.

LangChain provides modules for prompt templates, models, retrievers, and tools so you can build workflows without managing the raw API logic.

Here is the full LangChain documentation.

Why LangChain Was Not Enough

LangChain made it easy to build straight-line workflows.

But most real-world applications are not linear. When building a chatbot, summarizer, or an autonomous agent, you often need loops, memory, and conditions.

For example, if the AI makes a wrong assumption, you might want it to try again. If it needs more data, it should call a search tool. Or if a user changes context, the AI should remember what was discussed earlier.

LangChain’s chains and agents could do some of this, but the flow was hard to visualize and manage. You had to write nested chains or use callbacks to handle decisions.

Developers wanted a better way to represent how AI systems actually think. Not in straight lines, but as graphs where outputs can lead to different paths.

That is what led to LangGraph.

What is LangGraph?

LangGraph is an extension of LangChain that introduces a graph-based approach to AI workflows.

Instead of chaining steps in one direction, LangGraph lets you define nodes and edges like a flowchart. Each node can represent a task, an action, or a model call.

This structure allows loops, branching, and parallel paths. It is perfect for building agent-like systems where the model reasons, decides, and acts.

Here is an example of a simple LangGraph setup:

from langgraph.graph import StateGraph, END from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI from langchain.agents import Tool def multiply(a: int, b: int): return a * b tools = [Tool(name="multiply", func=multiply, description="Multiply two numbers")] llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini") agent_executor = create_react_agent(llm, tools) graph = StateGraph() graph.add_node("agent", agent_executor) graph.set_entry_point("agent") graph.add_edge("agent", END) app = graph.compile() response = app.invoke({"input": "Use the multiply tool to get 8 times 7"}) print(response) 

This example shows a basic agent graph.

The AI receives a request, reasons about it, decides to use the tool, and completes the task. You can imagine extending this to more complex graphs where the AI can retry, call APIs, or fetch new information.

LangGraph gives you full control over how the AI moves between states. Each node can have conditions. For example, if an answer is incomplete, you can send it back to another node to refine it.

This makes LangGraph ideal for building systems that need multiple reasoning steps, like document analysis bots, code reviewers, or research assistants.

Here is the full LangGraph documentation.

LangChain vs LangGraph

LangChain and LangGraph share the same foundation, but they approach workflows differently.

LangChain is linear. Each chain or agent moves from one step to the next in a sequence. It is simpler to start with, especially for prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation, and structured pipelines.

LangGraph is dynamic. It represents workflows as graphs that can loop, branch, and self-correct. It is more powerful when building agents that need reasoning, planning, or memory.

A good analogy is this. LangChain is like writing a list of tasks in order. LangGraph is like drawing a flowchart where decisions can lead to different actions or back to previous steps.

Most developers start with LangChain to learn the basics, then move to LangGraph when they want to build more interactive or autonomous AI systems.

When to Use Each

If you are building simple tools like text summarizers, chatbots, or document retrievers, LangChain is enough. It is easy to get started and integrates well with popular models like GPT, Anthropic Claude, and Gemini.

If you want to build multi-step agents, or apps that think and adapt, go with LangGraph. You can define how the AI reacts to different outcomes, and you get more control over retry logic, context switching, and feedback loops.

In practice, many developers combine both. LangChain provides the building blocks, while LangGraph organizes how those blocks interact.

Adding Memory and Persistence

Both LangChain and LangGraph support memory, which lets your AI remember context between interactions. For example, a chatbot that remembers what the user said earlier can respond more naturally.

In LangChain, you can use ConversationBufferMemory or ConversationSummaryMemory. In LangGraph, you can include memory as part of the graph’s state so that it persists between nodes.

Here is a simple example with memory in LangChain:

from langchain.memory import ConversationBufferMemory from langchain.chains import ConversationChain from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI memory = ConversationBufferMemory() llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini") conversation = ConversationChain(llm=llm, memory=memory) conversation.predict(input="Hello, I am Manish.") conversation.predict(input="What did I just tell you?") 

The model will respond knowing that you introduced yourself in the first message. This same concept works inside LangGraph, but on a larger scale, enabling stateful workflows where memory is part of the graph.

Monitoring and Debugging with LangSmith

LangSmith is another important tool from the LangChain ecosystem. It helps you visualize, monitor, and debug your AI applications.

When building workflows, you often want to see how the model behaves, how much it costs, and where things go wrong.

LangSmith records every call made by your chains and agents. You can view input and output data, timing, token usage, and errors. It provides a dashboard that shows how your system performed across multiple runs.

You can integrate LangSmith easily by setting your environment variable:

export LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2="true" export LANGCHAIN_API_KEY="your_api_key_here" 

Then, every LangChain or LangGraph process you run will automatically log to LangSmith. This helps developers find bugs, optimize prompts, and understand how the workflow behaves at each step.

Please note that while Langchain and LangGraph are open source, Langsmith is a paid platform. Langsmith is a good-to-have tool and not a requirement to build AI workflows.

The LangChain Ecosystem

LangChain is not just one library. It has grown into an ecosystem of tools that work together.

• LangChain Core: The main framework for chains, prompts, and memory.
• LangGraph: A graph-based extension for building adaptive workflows.
• LangSmith: A debugging and monitoring platform for AI apps.
• LangServe: A deployment layer that lets you turn your chains and graphs into APIs with one command.

Together, these tools form a complete stack for building, managing, and deploying language model applications. You can start with a simple chain, evolve it into a graph-based system, test it with LangSmith, and deploy it using LangServe.

Conclusion

LangChain and LangGraph make it easier to move from prompts to production-ready AI systems. LangChain helps you build linear flows that connect models, data, and tools. LangGraph lets you go further by building adaptive and intelligent workflows that reason and learn.

For beginners, starting with LangChain is the best way to understand how language models can interact with other components. As your projects grow, LangGraph will give you the flexibility to handle complex logic and long-term state.

Whether you are building a chatbot, an agent, or a knowledge assistant, these tools will help you go from idea to implementation faster and more reliably.

:::tip Hope you enjoyed this article. Signup for my free newsletter TuringTalks.ai for more hands-on tutorials on AI.

:::

\