“Proposal to Restore Internet Freedom”, FCC WC Docket No. 17-108. ↩︎ 1. “Restoring Internet Freedom”, FCC-17-166. ↩︎ 1. “Tech companies react to the FCC killing net neutrality”, https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/14/16777580/net-neutrality-tech-companies-react-killing, accessed 02/20/2018. ↩︎ 1. Wu, Tim. “Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination.” J. on Telecomm. & High Tech. L. 2 (2003): 141. ↩︎ 1. Id. at 149. ↩︎ 1. Common carrier. (n.d.) West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. (2008). ↩︎ 1. Speta, James B. “A Common Carrier Approach to Internet Interconnection.” Federal Communications Law Journal 54 (2002 2001): 251. ↩︎ 1. 47 U.S.C. 201. ↩︎ 1. Ames, J. B. “The History of Assumpsit. I. Express Assumpsit.” Harvard Law Review 2, no. 1 (1888): 58. ↩︎ 1. Holmes, Oliver Wendell. The Common Law. Harvard University Press, 2009. ↩︎ 1. Beale, Joseph H. “The Carrier’s Liability: Its History.” Harvard Law Review, 1897, 163. ↩︎ 1. (1703) 2 Ld Raym 909, 92 ER 107. ↩︎ 1. Wyman, Bruce. “The Law of the Public Callings as a Solution of the Trust Problem. II.” Harvard Law Review 17, no. 4 (1904): 217–47. ↩︎ 1. 马得懿。“普通承运人，公共承运人与‘从事公共运输的承运人’: 渊源， 流变与立法探究.”社会科学，no. 8 (2016): 96. ↩︎ 1. (1785) 1 Term Rep 27. ↩︎ 1. Supra note 10. ↩︎ 1. Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1876). ↩︎ 1. Id. at 130. ↩︎ 1. Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois, 118 U.S. 557 (1886) ↩︎ 1. 24 Stat. 379 [49 U.S.C.A. § 1 et seq.] ↩︎ 1. Grinnell v. W. Union Tel. Co., 113 Mass. 299 (1873). ↩︎ 1. Mar v. W. Union Tel. Co., 3 S.W. 496 (Tenn. 1887). ↩︎ 1. Supra note 7 at 262. ↩︎ 1. A Bill to Provide for the Regulation of Interstate and Foreign Communications by Wire or Radio, and for Other Purposes: Hearings on H.R. 8301 Before the House Comm. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 165-71 (1934) (statement of Walter S. Gifford, President, AT&T Co.). ↩︎ 1. Supra note 7 at 263. ↩︎ 1. 原文此处仍为“common carrier”，故有循环定义之嫌。详见后文。 ↩︎ 1. Nat’l Ass’n of Regulatory Util. Comm’rs v. FCC (NARUC II), 533 F.2d 601, 609 (D.C. Cir. 1976) ↩︎ 1. National Cable & Telecommunications Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Services, 545 U.S. 967 (2005) ↩︎ 1. Comcast Corp. v. FCC, 600 F. 3d 642 ↩︎ 1. Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC, 740 F.3d 623 (D.C. Cir. 2014) ↩︎ 1. Supra note 9, at 58. ↩︎ 1. Supra note 28. ↩︎ 1. 如 AT&T 在其网站上提供的条款，见 https://www.att.com/legal/terms.internetAttTermsOfService.html, 2018 年 2 月访问。 ↩︎ 1. Supra note 7, at 269. ↩︎ 1. Supra note 13. ↩︎ 1. Ting v. AT&T, 319 F.3d 1126, 1145 (9th Cir. 2003) ↩︎ 1. 47 U.S.C. 160. ↩︎ 1. FCC Wireline Competition Bureau, “Internet Access Services: Status as of June 30, 2016” (April 2017), available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-344499A1.pdf (FCC Internet Access Services Report). ↩︎ 1. Burdick, Charles K. “The Origin of the Peculiar Duties of Public Service Companies. Part II.” Columbia Law Review 11, no. 7 (1911): 514, 616, 743. ↩︎ 1. Wu, Tim. “Why Have a Telecommunications Law - Anti-Discrimination Norms in Communications.” Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law 5 (2007 2006): 15, 16–17, 32–35. ↩︎ 1. Kende , Michael. “The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones.” (F.C.C. Working Paper No. 32,2000), pp. 13. ↩︎ 1. UN General Assembly, ORAL REVISIONS of 30 June**,** A/HRC/32/L.20 (2006). ↩︎ 1. Federal Communications Commission. “Broadband Decisions: What Drives Consumers to Switch – or Stick With – Their Broadband Internet Provider.” (Dec. 2010), https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-303264A1.pdf ↩︎ 1. Bresnahan, Timothy F., and Peter C. Reiss. “Entry and Competition in Concentrated Markets.” Journal of Political Economy 99, no. 5 (1991): 977, 978. ↩︎ 1. Mueller, Milton. Universal Service: Competition, Interconnection, and Monopoly in the Making of the American Telephone System. American Enterprise Institute, 1997. ↩︎ 1. Ropework Co Ltd v Bushel [1918] 1 K. B. 210 at 212 per Bailhache J. ↩︎ 1. 见上注 14，第 97 页。 ↩︎ 1. Supra Note 39, at 515-531, 616-638, 743-764. ↩︎ 1. Adler, Edward A. “Business Jurisprudence.” Harvard Law Review 28, no. 2 (1914): 135; “Labor, Capital and Business at Common Law” 29 Ibid. 241 (1916). ↩︎ 1. 153 U.S. 391 (1894) at 403. ↩︎ 1. Petition of Qwest Corp. for Forbearance Pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 160(c) in the Phoenix, Arizona Metropolitan Statistical Area, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 25 FCC Rcd. 8622, 8642–43 ¶¶ 37–38 (2010), petition denied sub nom. Qwest Corp. v. FCC, 689 F.3d 1214, 1234 (10th Cir. 2012). ↩︎ 1. Yoo, Christopher S. “Beyond Network Neutrality.” Harv. JL & Tech. 19 (2005): 554. ↩︎ 1. Electric Supply Stores v. Gaywood (1909) 100 L.T. 885 at 856 per Pickford J. ↩︎ 1. 见上注 14，第 97 页。 ↩︎ 1. Supra note 11, at 167. ↩︎ 1. Supra note 49. ↩︎ 1. McBain, Graham. “Time to Abolish The Common Carrier.” Journal of Business Law, September 1, 2005, 545–96. ↩︎ 1. Chevron USA Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S. Ct. 2778, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1984). ↩︎ 1. Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. Clarendon Press, 1888: 335. ↩︎ 1. Moore, G. E. Principia Ethica. Courier Corporation, 2012: § 10 ¶ 3. ↩︎ 1. Hazlett, Thomas W., and Anil Caliskan. “Natural Experiments in US Broadband Regulation.” Review of Network Economics 7, no. 4 (2008). ↩︎ 1. Faulhaber, Gerald R. “Economics of Net Neutrality: A Review.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, June 9, 2011. ↩︎ 1. Yoo, Christopher S. “Network Neutrality and the Economics of Congestion.” Georgetown Law Journal 94 (2006 2005): 1852–53. ↩︎ 1. MCI Telecomms., 917 F.2d at 39 (quoting Ad Hoc Telecomms. Users Comm. v. FCC, 680 F.2d 790, 795 (D.C. Cir. 1982)); see also Competitive Telecomms., 998 F.2d at 1061 (“Likeness, as we said, depends upon ‘functional equivalence.’]) (quoting Ad Hoc Telecomms. Users Comm., 680 F.2d at 795). ↩︎ 1. 例如，从《通信法》颁布的 1934 年、到《电信法》颁布的 20 世纪末、再到网络中立成为热议话题的 2010 年前后，美国的经济政策正是经历了从规制到去规制再回到规制的三个阶段，对公共运营商义务的重视程度也随之波动。再如，FCC 在网络中立上的立场变动几乎完全是以其主席任期为界的。共和党人担任主席的 2001 到 2009 年，其在各次执法和诉讼中的总体立场均为去规制化；此后民主党掌握该职位，FCC 旋即转为积极支持网络中立；这一立场又被现任主席、共和党总统特朗普任命的 Ajit Pai 在上任不久后逆转。 ↩︎ 1. Supra note 49, at 160. ↩︎ 1. West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379, 57 S. Ct. 578, 81 L. Ed. 703 (1937). ↩︎ 1. “Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order.] 30. FCC Rcd 5601, 5672-77 ↩︎ 1. FCC, “Universal Service.” See https://www.fcc.gov/general/universal-service, accessed 2018/02. ↩︎ 1. “Restoring Internet Freedom.” WC Docket No. 17–108; FCC 17–166 ↩︎ 1. Supra note 49, at 140. ↩︎ 1. Claffy, KC, and David Clark. “Platform Models for Sustainable Internet Regulation.] Journal of Information Policy 4 (2014): 463–88. ↩︎ 1. 李浩田. “网络中立政策的演进与分析.”北京邮电大学，2012. ↩︎ 1. Watal, Aparna. “A Co-Regulatory Approach to Reasonable Network Management.” Journal of Information Policy 1 (2011): 155–73. ↩︎ 1. Jordan, Scott. “A Layered Network Approach to Net Neutrality.” International Journal of Communication 1, no. 1 (August 9, 2007): 34. ↩︎