​August 26, 2025

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Chemistry Professor Kyoung-Shin Choi’s research lab has developed an electrochemical method to recycle lithium that’s catching the attention of electric vehicle makers. Photo: Jeff Miller / UW–Madison

With ever more electric vehicles on the road, regulators and automakers are considering what can be done with the millions of batteries that power EVs after they’re spent. Even when their useful life is over, EV batteries contain valuable lithium that could theoretically be recycled and used in new batteries, but coming up with a cost-effective way to do so is critical.

Now, a group of University of Wisconsin–Madison chemists are hopeful they’ve found a solution, and they’re already filing patents and courting global carmakers.

Pictured from left to right, staff scientist Dohwan Nam, chemistry professor Kyoung-Shin Choi and graduate student Brian Foster have developed an electrochemical method to recycle lithium in spent lithium iron phosphate batteries from electric vehicles and other applications as pure lithium chemicals to make new batteries. Photo: Jeff Miller / UW–Madison

The work has been led by Kyoung-Shin Choi, a UW–Madison chemistry professor who specializes in developing electrochemical processes for various ends. In this case, Choi and her colleagues have come up with a proof of concept for using electrochemistry to extract lithium from spent lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) batteries, which have been widely adopted by major EV manufacturers like Tesla and China’s BYD.

Lithium-based EV batteries come in a few flavors, and while LFP batteries have lower energy densities than batteries that are based on elements like nickel, manganese, and cobalt, they’re significantly cheaper to produce and safer to operate. On the flip side, iron and phosphate aren’t worth much compared to nickel or cobalt, making LFP batteries less attractive from a recycling perspective.

“At this point, there’s no economically compelling method to recover lithium from spent LFP batteries even though the market is shifting to them,” says Choi, who noted that obtaining lithium from mines and brine deposits has many negative environmental consequences, even if it may be cheaper than recycling.

“Access to these natural lithium resources is also limited,” Choi says. “We need an innovative method that makes lithium recovery from spent LFP batteries commercially viable to support a circular and competitive battery economy.”

The problem has become all the more pressing for global carmakers since the European Union has new regulations aimed at reducing the environmental impact of batteries. Beginning in 2031, batteries in new EVs sold within the EU will be required to incorporate a minimum percentage of recycled lithium.

A dish of lithium phosphate recovered from an electrochemical experiment running in Choi’s research lab. Photo: Jeff Miller / UW–Madison

Current methods for recovering lithium from spent batteries depend on energy-intensive heat or an extensive series of steps that consume a lot of chemicals and generate significant waste, Choi says.

“Both of them are economically unfeasible for recovering lithium from spent LFP batteries,” she says.

Instead, Choi developed a two-step electrochemical process that doesn’t require special conditions and minimizes chemical inputs and waste. The first step sees lithium ions leached out from spent LFP batteries and selectively extracted by a lithium-ion storage electrode. In the second step, the extracted lithium ions are released in a separate solution to recover them as high-purity lithium chemicals.

Choi and her colleagues have demonstrated the process’s viability using both a commercial LFP battery and black mass, which is an industrially mass-produced substance from spent LFP batteries. They recently detailed the process in the journal ACS Energy Letters and have filed a patent for it through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

The work has begun to catch the attention of battery makers and automakers who are seeking new ways to bolster the resilience of the battery market and are interested in the commercial viability of the electrochemical process. Choi’s team is now developing a prototype of the technology to answer some outstanding questions about how to commercialize the process, and she’s forming a startup company in hopes of seeing it become successfully commercialized.

“The technology works, but it is important to scale it up in the most cost-effective manner,” Choi says, adding that it will be crucial for successful commercialization to streamline the technology with other steps in the overall recycling process such as the production and use of black mass.

This work was supported by Samsung E&A and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (2137424).