Visualization of the odor discrimination process by an XAI-assisted olfactory sensor. Depending on the odorant molecule, the AI identifies the most responsive receptor materials and highlights the key sections of sensing signal curves used for discrimination. Credit: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c13990

NIMS has been developing chemical sensors as a key component of artificial olfaction technology (olfactory sensors), with the aim of putting this technology into practical use. In a new study, explainable AI (XAI) was used to reveal how chemical sensors discriminate among various odorant molecules. The findings may help guide the selection of receptor materials for developing high-performance chemical sensors capable of detecting odorant molecules.

The achievement is expected not only to improve the performance of artificial olfaction but also to advance understanding of human olfactory mechanisms. The research is published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Artificial olfactory sensors

The sense of smell plays an essential role in our daily lives, including food safety, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis and the creation of comfortable living spaces. Artificial olfaction technologies (olfactory sensors), which mimic the human sense of smell, use multiple chemical sensors to detect odorant molecules and employ artificial intelligence (AI) to classify and identify them.

However, current AI-assisted artificial olfaction has yet to reach practical application due to the limited sensitivity and discrimination accuracy of existing chemical sensors. Addressing this challenge will require higher-performance chemical sensors, particularly through the development of receptor materials capable of more effectively detecting odorant molecules.

In conventional artificial olfaction systems, AI has classified and identified odorant molecules without a full understanding of which receptor materials respond to which molecules. Revealing the response characteristics of specific receptor materials will enable the development of optimal materials for discriminating target odorants and the selection of receptor materials that achieve more accurate odor discrimination.

XAI findings

NIMS measured the responses of 94 odorant molecules using an MSS (membrane-type surface stress sensor) equipped with 14 receptor materials and analyzed the data with explainable AI (XAI), a technique that visualizes which parts of the data the AI relies on when discriminating among odorant molecules.

The analysis revealed that the key portions of sensor responses used for identification vary depending on the specific combinations of odorant molecules and receptor materials. For example, receptor materials containing aromatic rings were found to be important for identifying aromatic molecules.

This approach is expected to enable efficient selection of receptor materials tailored to target odorant molecules and guide the development of materials capable of identifying molecules that are otherwise difficult to detect. In addition, by revealing not only how the AI discriminates but also on what basis it makes predictions, XAI may offer important clues to understanding the mechanisms of odors and human olfaction.

Future outlook

This technology can be used not only to facilitate the development of receptor materials but also to select the optimal sensor from multiple options based on the intended application. In addition to supporting material development, it can contribute to the advancement of olfactory sensor devices, thereby accelerating the practical application of artificial olfaction and deepening our understanding of human olfaction.

More information: Yota Fukui et al, Harnessing Explainable AI to Explore Structure–Activity Relationships in Artificial Olfaction, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c13990

Citation: Explainable AI reveals how chemical sensors detect odors (2025, November 10) retrieved 10 November 2025 from https://phys.org/news/2025-11-ai-reveals-chemical-sensors-odors.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.