Maps of percent change to crop protein concentration for individual nations under ARISE-SAI-1.5 C relative to SSP2-4.5 during the years 2060–2069 as simulated by CLMcrop. Credit: Environmental Research Letters (2025). DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ae1151

A new study in Environmental Research Letters reports that cooling the planet by injecting sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, a proposed climate intervention technique, could reduce the nutritional value of the world’s crops.

Scientists at Rutgers University used global climate and crop models to estimate how stratospheric aerosol intervention (SAI), one type of solar geoengineering, would impact the protein level of the world’s four major food crops: maize, rice, wheat, and soybeans. The SAI approach, inspired by volcanic eruptions, would involve releasing sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere. This gas would transform into sulfuric acid particles, forming a persistent cloud in the upper atmosphere that reflects a small part of the sun’s radiation, thereby cooling Earth.

While these cereal crops are primarily sources of carbohydrates, they also provide a substantial share of dietary protein for large portions of the global population. Model simulations suggested that increased CO2 concentrations tended to reduce the protein content of all four crops, while increased temperatures tended to increase the protein content of crops. Because SAI would stop temperatures from increasing, the CO2 effect would not be countered by warming, and protein would decrease relative to a warmer world without SAI.

“SAI would not perfectly counteract the impacts of climate change; it would instead create a novel climate where the relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures is decoupled. This would likely reduce the protein content of crops, and impact plant ecology in other ways we do not yet fully understand,” said Brendan Clark, a former doctoral student in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (SEBS), and lead author on the study.

Models show that SAI would affect crop protein differently across regions, with the largest declines in nations that are already malnourished and protein deficient. The authors highlight that more field studies and model development are needed to make more informed decisions about SAI.

“Are we willing to live with all these potential impacts to have less global warming? That’s the question we’re trying to ask here,” said Alan Robock, a Distinguished Professor of Climate Science in the Department of Environmental Sciences at SEBS, and a co-author of the study. “We’re trying to quantify each of the potential risks and benefits so we can make informed decisions in the future.”

Brendan Clark is now a Postdoctoral Associate at Cornell University. Other scientists on the study include Lili Xia, Assistant Research Professor at Rutgers, Sam Rabin of the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Jose Guarin of NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and Jonas Jägermeyr of Columbia University.

More information: Brendan Clark et al, Stratospheric aerosol climate intervention could reduce crop nutritional value, Environmental Research Letters (2025). DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ae1151

Citation: Climate intervention may lower protein content in major global food crops (2025, November 8) retrieved 8 November 2025 from https://phys.org/news/2025-11-climate-intervention-protein-content-major.html

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