Ligand-exchange (L-E)-assisted nano-printing of nanocrystals (NCs). Credit: Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64596-4

Infrared sensors, which act as the “seeing” component in devices such as LiDAR for autonomous vehicles, 3D face recognition systems in smartphones, and wearable health care devices, are regarded as key components in next-generation electronics.

A research team led by Professor Ji Tae Kim of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at KAIST, in collaboration with Professor Soong Ju Oh of Korea University and Professor Tianshuo Zhao of the University of Hong Kong, has developed a 3D printing technique capable of fabricating ultra-small infrared sensors—smaller than 10 micrometers (µm)—in customized shapes and sizes at room temperature.

The paper, “Ligand-exchange-assisted printing of colloidal nanocrystals to enable all-printed sub-micron optoelectronics,” is published in Nature Communications.

Infrared sensors convert invisible infrared signals into electrical signals and serve as essential components in realizing future electronic technologies such as robotic vision. Accordingly, miniaturization, weight reduction, and flexible form-factor design have become increasingly important.

Conventional semiconductor fabrication processes were well suited for mass production but struggled to adapt flexibly to rapidly changing technological demands. They also required high-temperature processing, which limited material choices and consumed large amounts of energy.

To overcome these challenges, the research team developed an ultra-precise 3D printing process that uses metal, semiconductor, and insulator materials in the form of liquid nanocrystal inks, stacking them layer by layer within a single printing platform.

This method enables direct fabrication of core components of infrared sensors at room temperature, allowing for the realization of customized miniature sensors of various shapes and sizes.

The researchers achieved excellent electrical performance without the need for high-temperature annealing by applying a “ligand-exchange” process, where insulating molecules on the surface of nanoparticles are replaced with conductive ones.

As a result, the team successfully fabricated ultra-small infrared sensors measuring less than one-tenth the thickness of a human hair (under 10 µm).

Professor Ji Tae Kim commented, “The developed 3D printing technology not only advances the miniaturization and lightweight design of infrared sensors but also paves the way for the creation of innovative new form-factor products that were previously unimaginable. Moreover, by reducing the massive energy consumption associated with high-temperature processes, this approach can lower production costs and enable eco-friendly manufacturing—contributing to the sustainable development of the infrared sensor industry.”

More information: Zhixuan Zhao et al, Ligand-exchange-assisted printing of colloidal nanocrystals to enable all-printed sub-micron optoelectronics, Nature Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64596-4

Citation: Room-temperature 3D-printing enables miniaturized infrared sensors (2025, November 3) retrieved 3 November 2025 from https://phys.org/news/2025-11-room-temperature-3d-enables-miniaturized.html

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