Despite record levels of institutional investment, most Wall Street firms are still trading off-chain, says Annabelle Huang, co-founder and chief executive officer of Altius Labs.

Nov 9, 2025, 2:00 p.m.

Wall Street’s appetite for crypto is stronger than ever. BlackRock’s Bitcoin ETF has broken inflow records. Fidelity and VanEck have followed suit with new spot products. Even the Nasdaq has hinted at expanding its digital asset trading infrastructure. Yet, for all this momentum, almost none of it actually happens onchain.

STORY CONTINUES BELOW

Institutions now treat crypto as a legitimate asset class, but not as a place to operate. The bulk of trading, settlement, and market-making still takes place on private servers and traditional rails.

The reason is simple: blockchains, in their current form, don’t yet meet institutional performance standards. Until they can deliver predictable speed, reliable data access, and operational resilience on par with Wall Street’s systems, the largest players will continue to trade off-chain, limiting transparency, liquidity, and the very innovation that made crypto compelling in the first place.

Why order flow stays off-chain

Institutions avoid trading onchain because most blockchains don’t meet their standards. Institutions require both speed and reliability, and blockchains tend to struggle with the latter.

Many blockchains become congested under peak stress, causing transactions to fail unpredictably. Gas fees can change erratically as network activity fluctuates, introducing additional chaos. Institutions refuse to operate in such an unpredictable environment.

Institutions also need to ensure, beyond doubt, that trades will settle correctly, even when many things happen at once. Some blockchains such as Layer 2s or rollups rely on optimistic settlement techniques that work most of the time, but sometimes require transactions to be rolled back, reversing settled transactions.

Within these constraints, institutions need to ensure they are able to trade as quickly as possible. In traditional markets, institutions have paid millions to shorten the length of fiber optic cable between them and the Nasdaq, allowing them to settle trades a nano second ahead of competitors. Blockchain latency is still in the seconds or even minutes, which is not competitive at all.

It’s important to note that modern institutions have access to crypto ETFs, enabling them to purchase crypto exposure through traditional markets using the optimized fiber optic cables they are familiar with. This means that to attract onchain institutional trading, a blockchain must surpass the speeds of traditional markets (why would institutions switch to a slower trading venue?).

Upgrading blockchains to institutional standards

Institutions won’t simply create a Metamask wallet and start trading on Ethereum. They require custom blockchains built to meet the same performance, reliability, and accountability standards as traditional markets.

One key optimization is instruction-level parallelism with deterministic conflict resolution. In simple terms, this means a blockchain can process many trades at once (like multiple cashiers ringing up customers in parallel) while guaranteeing that everyone’s receipt comes out correct and in the right order every time. It prevents the “traffic jams” that cause blockchains to slow down when activity spikes.

Blockchains designed for institutions should also eliminate I/O bottlenecks, making sure the system doesn’t waste time waiting on storage or network delay. Institutions need to be able to perform many simultaneous operations without creating storage conflicts or network congestion.

To make integration more seamless, blockchains should support VM-agnostic, plug-in connectivity, allowing institutions to connect existing trading software without rewriting code or rebuilding entire systems.

Before committing to onchain trading, institutions require proof that blockchain systems perform in real-world conditions. Blockchains can assuage these concerns by publishing performance data measured on real hardware, using realistic workloads from payments, DeFi, and high-volume trading, for institutions to verify.

Together, these upgrades can raise blockchains’ reliability up to Wall Street standards, and incentivize them to trade onchain. Once a firm realizes they can trade faster via blockchain rails (gaining a leg up on their competitors) without sacrificing reliability, institutions will flood onchain.

The true cost of off-chain institutional trading

Keeping most activity off-chain concentrates liquidity on private systems and limits transparency into how prices form. This keeps the industry dependent on a handful of trading venues, and blunts one of crypto’s biggest advantages: the ability for applications to connect and build on each other in the open.

The ceiling is even more obvious with tokenized real-world assets. Without reliable on-chain performance, these assets risk becoming static wrappers that rarely trade, rather than live instruments in active markets.

The good news is that change is already underway. Robinhood’s decision to launch its own blockchain shows that institutions aren’t just waiting for crypto to catch up — they’re taking the initiative themselves. Once a few firms prove they can trade faster and more transparently onchain than off, the rest of the market will follow.

Long term, crypto won’t simply be an asset that institutions invest in, it will be the technology they use to move global markets.

Note: The views expressed in this column are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CoinDesk, Inc. or its owners and affiliates.

More For You

Inside Zcash: Encrypted Money at Planetary Scale

Nov 3, 2025

A deep dive into Zcash’s zero-knowledge architecture, shielded transaction growth, and its path to becoming encrypted Bitcoin at scale.

What to know:

In 2025, Zcash evolved from niche privacy tech into a functioning encrypted-money network:

• Shielded adoption surged, with 20–25% of circulating ZEC now held in encrypted addresses and 30% of transactions involving the shielded pool.
• The Zashi wallet made shielded transfers the default, pushing privacy from optional to standard practice.
• Project Tachyon, led by Sean Bowe, aims to boost throughput to thousands of private transactions per second.
• Zcash surpassed Monero in market share, becoming the largest privacy-focused cryptocurrency by capitalization.

More For You

Long DATs, Short Futures: A New Wrinkle On The Basis Trade

Nov 8, 2025

As regulated futures proliferate across alts, the “long DAT, short futures” trade could become an ideal way for Wall Street to capture crypto yield without touching a wallet or suffering from the intense volatility that defines crypto as an asset class, argues CoinFund’s Chris Perkins.