The X-59 jet at Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works facility in Palmdale on Jan. 12, 2024. (Image credit: Lockheed Martin / Michael Jackson)

NASA and Lockheed Martin’s experimental X-59 aircraft has taken to the skies for the first time, making history as the first supersonic aircraft designed to make a soft “thump” instead of thunderous sonic booms.

The X-59’s flight is a major step towards commercial supersonic travel, which has been banned in the United States since 1973.

The test flight was planned to last about one hour, taking off from Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, California, and landing at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California on Oct. 28. The plane reached a maximum speed of about 240 miles per hour (386 kilometers per hour) and flew at about 12,000 feet (3,658 meters) off the ground. It did not reach supersonic speeds for this test, which focused on checking critical systems.

According to Lockheed Martin’s specifications, the X-59 has a top speed of Mach 1.4, or 925 mph (1,489 km/h), which is almost twice as fast as a Boeing 747. It’s designed to fly at an altitude of 55,000 feet (16,764 m). The aircraft has a wingspan of 30 feet (9.1 m), is 14 feet (4.3 m) high, and a whopping 100 feet (30.5 m) long, giving it a strong resemblance to a swordfish.

From the side, the airplane’s shockingly long nose appears to narrow to a point, but it’s actually shaped like a chisel. The nose’s shape is designed to change the shape of the shockwaves generated by supersonic flight, making the aircraft much quieter than the supersonic jets used today. These are banned from flying over populated areas in the United States because of their loud sonic booms.

Sonic booms are caused by shockwaves from rapidly compressed air, similar to thunder. As an aircraft flies, it pushes upon the air in front of it, creating pressure waves. When an aircraft goes supersonic, the pressure waves can’t move out of the way fast enough, so they combine into a single large shockwave, resulting in a sonic boom.

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A controversial six-month test over Oklahoma City in 1964 showed that sonic booms from supersonic aircraft flying too close to the ground can break windows, cause minor damage to buildings, and startle people. At the end of the study, more than 1 in 4 people surveyed said that they could not learn to live with the sonic booms.

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To lessen the impact of the booms, the X-59 design separates the usual shockwave into multiple smaller shockwaves, resulting in “thumps” that are about the same volume as a car door slamming.

The shockwaves that cause sonic booms can be seen with schlieren imaging, a type of specialized photography invented in 1864 by August Toepler, a German physicist. It relies on how changing air pressure warps light passing through it. Imaging the shockwaves helps us understand if the aircraft’s aerodynamics match what was modeled using computers and small model planes in wind tunnels.

The X-59 is planned to go supersonic in future test flights, and if all goes to plan, will be used to test public reaction to its supersonic “thumps” — paving the way for commercial supersonic flight to return to the US, albeit much quieter this time.

Damien Pine (he/him) is a freelance writer, artist, and former NASA engineer. He writes about science, physics, tech, art, and other topics with a focus on making complicated ideas accessible. He has a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Connecticut, and he gets really excited every time he sees a cat.