After Zohran Mamdani handily won the New York City mayoral election, becoming the city’s first Muslim and first South Asian mayor-elect, Republican detractors in Washington said they would try to stop him from taking office.

President Donald Trump, who threatened to withhold federal funds to New York City if Mamdani won, lent credence to misleading questions about Mamdani’s citizenship and falsely accused the Ugandan-born 34-year-old of being a communist.

Some Republican lawmakers requested investigations into Mamdani’s naturalization process and have called for stripping him of his U.S. citizenship and deporting him, accusing him without evidence of embracing communist and terrorist activities.

“If Mamdani lied on his naturalization documents, he doesn’t get to be a citizen, and he certainly doesn’t get to run for mayor of New York City. A great American city is on the precipice of being run by a communist who has publicly embraced a terroristic ideology,” Rep. Andy Ogles, R-Tenn., said in an Oct. 29 press release after asking U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi to investigate Mamdani. “The American naturalization system REQUIRES any alignments with communism or terrorist activities to be disclosed. I’m doubtful he disclosed them. If this is confirmed, put him on the first flight back to Uganda.”

Rep. Randy Fine, R-Fla., misrepresented Mamdani’s time in the U.S. when he said Oct. 27 on Newsmax, “The barbarians are no longer at the gate, they’re inside. … And Mamdani, having just moved here eight years ago, is a great example of that, becoming a citizen. Look, it is clear with much of what I have read that he did not meet the definition to gain citizenship.”

PolitiFact found no credible evidence that Mamdani lied on his citizenship application.

Born in Uganda, Mamdani moved to the U.S. in 1998 when he was 7 and became a U.S. citizen in 2018. For adults to become U.S. citizens, they generally must have lived continuously in the country as a lawful permanent resident for five years, or three years if married to a U.S. citizen.

Denaturalization, the process of revoking a person’s citizenship, can be done only by judicial order. It’s been used sparingly, such as for removing Nazis who fled to the U.S. after World War II or people convicted of or associated with terrorism.

Immigration law experts said they have seen no evidence to support Ogles and Fine’s assertions about Mamdani’s application.

“Denaturalization is an extreme, rare remedy that requires the government to prove either illegal procurement or a willful, material lie — at a minimum, clear, unequivocal and convincing evidence that the fact would have changed the outcome at the time of naturalization,” said immigration lawyer Jeremy McKinney. “I’ve seen no credible proof he was ineligible when he took the oath or that any omission was material.”

Ogles and Fine did not respond to PolitiFact’s requests for comment by publication.

Attacks on Mamdani’s naturalization process are flimsy, immigration experts say

The push to question Mamdani’s citizenship started in the summer when he became the Democratic mayoral nominee.

In a June letter to Bondi, Ogles asked the Justice Department to pursue denaturalization proceedings against Mamdani, “on the grounds that he may have procured U.S. citizenship through willful misrepresentation or concealment of material support for terrorism.”

Ogles cited rap lyrics Mamdani wrote in 2017 supporting the “Holy Land Five,” a reference to five men in the Holy Land Foundation, a Muslim charity, convicted in 2008 of providing material support to the terrorist group Hamas. Some lawyers have criticized the case’s evidence and use of hearsay.

Ogles and Fine said Mamdani did not disclose his Democratic Socialists of America membership on his citizenship application form; the lawmakers say it’s a communist organization and Mamdani’s involvement could have disqualified him from citizenship.

The U.S. naturalization form asks whether applicants have been a member, involved in or associated with any communist or totalitarian party. But the Democratic Socialists of America is not a communist party.

Democratic socialism emerged as an alternative to communism, Harvey Klehr, an Emory University expert on the history of American communism, previously told PolitiFact. Democratic socialists’ generally “reject the communist hostility to representative democracy, as well as the communist belief in state ownership of the means of production,” Klehr said.

McKinney said, “DSA membership isn’t a bar to citizenship; failing to list a lawful political group on the (naturalization form) doesn’t become fraud unless disclosure would have led to a denial. A lyric referencing the Holy Land Five is protected speech absent actual material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization.”

PolitiFact reached out to Mamdani for comment but did not hear back.

A push to keep Mamdani from taking office

The New York Young Republican Club is taking a different tactic, citing the 14th Amendment, the New York Post reported.

The amendment bars from office anyone who “engaged in insurrection or rebellion” or who has “given aid or comfort to the enemies” of the country. The state GOP group said Mamdani provided “aid and comfort” to U.S. enemies by supporting “pro-Hamas” groups and said he supports gangs through his calls to resist Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents.

This would be a longshot push for Congress to declare Mamdani ineligible for office, requiring a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate. If passed, it still could be challenged up to the U.S. Supreme Court. Immigration experts told PolitiFact that calls to resist ICE agents do not trigger the 14th Amendment, as the relevant clause targets insurrection and aid to wartime enemies, not domestic policy criticism.

How denaturalization cases take shape

The Justice Department can strip U.S. citizenship by filing criminal charges for naturalization fraud or a civil lawsuit.

In either case, the government would have to prove that an applicant made a false statement in a citizenship application, and show that the statement would have affected the application.

The government’s standard to clear in a criminal case — proving guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt”— is higher than a civil case standard of presenting “clear and convincing evidence.” The more common civil process lacks certain constitutional protections such as the right to a court-appointed lawyer, Cassandra Burke Robertson, a Case Western Reserve University law professor who studies denaturalization, said.

Robertson said it’s “extraordinarily unlikely that a proceeding against Mamdani would gain any traction.”

“The bigger risk, in my mind, is the potential chilling effect on individuals with fewer resources who might be afraid to speak out against the government,” Robertson said.

Although denaturalizations generally have been rare in the U.S., they’ve become more frequent under the Trump administration, Irina Manta, a Hofstra University law professor who studies denaturalization, said.

In June, the Justice Department issued a memo directing attorneys to prioritize denaturalization cases. The memo’s list of priority categories includes people who the administration says pose national security concerns, gang members and a catchall category for “any other cases referred to the Civil Division that the Division determines to be sufficiently important to pursue.”

If Mamdani were to have his citizenship revoked, his immigration status would revert to his previous one — lawful permanent residence. That would disqualify him from serving as New York City mayor.

PolitiFact researcher Caryn Baird contributed to this report.

This report was originally published by PolitiFact, which is part of the Poynter Institute. See the sources for this fact check here.