The 30th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) will take place in Belém, a remote, underdeveloped, and poor region of the Brazilian Amazon.

Delegates from over 190 countries, NGOs, indigenous representatives, and Brazil’s President Lula, alongside COP President André Corrêa do Lago, will all participate in this year’s high-stakes climate negotiations.

Missed Targets & Weak Ambition – It’s Now or Never

With 2024 confirmed as the hottest year ever on record, the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, and the massive financial shortfalls left by lacklustre negotiations at COP29, this year’s climate talks are pivotal.

A 2024 report by the UN revealed that current policies put the planet on track to reach a catastrophic 3.1°C warming by 2100 (Emissions Gap Report). This scenario would expose 600 million people to flooding, reduce food yields by half, cause severe water shortages, lead to insurmountable habitat and biodiversity loss, create month-long brutal heatwaves and wildfires, heighten the risks of insect-borne diseases, and profoundly deepen inequalities.

At last year’s summit, it was agreed that at least $1.3 trillion in annual climate finance would be mobilised for developing countries by 2035. This funding is intended to support a just transition to clean energy, climate adaptation policies, and addressing loss and damage from climate change.

Tackling the climate crisis is IMPOSSIBLE without adequate funding. Since Trump took office, at least $18 billion has been stripped from climate finance – 6% of the new global $300 billion annual target. The current pace of financing is entirely insufficient to meet the agreed-upon goals.

At COP30, all members of the UNFCC are expected to publish their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their national plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate impacts.

The NDC Synthesis Report was released in October 2025, which, according to Melanie Robinson, Global Climate, Economics and Finance Program Director for WRI, “lays bare a frightening gap between what governments have promised and what is needed to protect people and planet”.

Progress will be stalled unless the global climate investment gap can be closed and pledges are finally turned into real investments. This will prove even more difficult as militarisation grips the planet. NATO has increased its spending commitments to an unprecedented 5% of GDP, and the EU Special Debts for Rearmament will further siphon money into war mongering, posturing, and weapons stockpiling.

A new initiative, the Global Ethical Stocktake, launched by the President of Brazil, Lula da Silva, and the United Nations Secretary-General, António Guterres, aims to integrate ethical considerations into climate negotiations, an aspect that has previously been omitted.

Jaded by a lack of action in previous COPs, former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, along with other influential figures such as Mary Robinson and Christiana Figueres, labelled the current climate policy process “no longer fit for purpose.”

André Corrêa do Lago. Image rights: Xavier Lejeune | CC BY 4.0

Finally, a COP President with Credentials – André Corrêa do Lago

This year’s COP president holds higher hopes than others. He is a veteran climate diplomat and serves as the current Secretary for Climate, Energy, and Environment at the Brazilian Ministry of External Affairs.

He has worked with Brazil’s diplomatic corps since 1982 and has represented Brazil in similar negotiations, including as chief negotiator at Rio+20 and COP28 and COP29.

In a positive initial call to action, he has called on all stakeholders in the climate negotiations process to “act decisively in the face of climate urgency through an ambitious and integrated Action Agenda at COP30.”

A COP Built on Deforestation – Brazil Controversy

The location of this year’s climate summit is highly contentious. Destroying thousands of acres of rainforest to make way for a new four-lane highway, which is intended to ease congestion for COP visitors, is a blatant contradiction. This is the very environment Brazil has pledged to protect.

Rather than addressing the concerns, classic greenwashing terms like ‘sustainable’ are being used to describe the 8-mile road. Cutting through the Amazon rainforest, the road will fragment the ecosystem, disrupt the movement of wildlife, affect the livelihoods of local communities, and be inaccessible to those who live on either side of the highway. It will, however, have bike lanes and solar-powered lights!

Image rights: Ibama | CC BY 2.0

The lack of infrastructure in the area means that more than 30 large-scale construction projects will be taking place to accommodate and prepare for the 50,000 expected visitors. The port is being redeveloped for cruise ships, and $81 million will be spent on expanding the airport to double its current capacity.

Emissions, emissions, emissions!

After three climate conferences in countries with restrictions on protests, Amazonian leaders and social movements are wary that their participation may be discounted and silenced. Since February, Indigenous groups have been occupying the Secretary of Education and blocking roads that cut through their territories. The protests have already begun.

Brazil is also no climate leader, but rather an empire built on oil. Their vast mining, fossil fuel, and agrobusiness sectors mean that Brazil is responsible for more than 4% of total global emissions. In 2023, they emitted 2.3 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases, making Brazil the world’s fifth worst polluter.

In this country of deep inequalities, the poor are disproportionately affected by climate change, including sea level rise, heat waves, and heavy, erratic rainfalls.

Just weeks before the conference begins, a new bill to dismantle Brazil’s environmental license framework was passed. It eases restrictions on oil exploration and road development in the Amazon. A self-licensing process enables fossil fuel and construction companies to act with impunity and avoid the need for impact studies and mitigation measures.

Immediately after the bill change, Petrobras, the country’s majority state-owned, scandal-ridden oil company, began drilling for oil a mere 200 miles away from Belém. The license was previously denied due to the risk of widespread biodiversity loss in this fragile ecosystem in the event of a spill. A new report reveals that since 2024, big banks have provided $2 billion in new financing for oil and gas in the Amazon.

Estimates suggest that up to 60 billion barrels of oil may exist in the Brazilian Amazon. If burned, they could emit 24 billion tonnes of CO2 – more than Brazil’s emissions over the past 11 years. The expansion of the fossil fuel industry seriously contradicts the Brazilian government’s climate narrative and threatens the country’s credibility at COP30.

Good COP, Bad COP

“Climate is our biggest war” – Ana Toni, chief executive of COP30.

Hopes are high. Expectations are low. Change is happening, it is just painfully slow.

We need this to be the ‘delivery COP’. One thing is for sure, COP30 will be make or break for people, our precious flora and fauna, and our planet as a whole.

Teaser photo credit: Flickr | IAEA Imagebank