The Blackfeet Nation is a remote and rugged landscape on the windswept plains of northern Montana. While rich in resources, the remote location and management by the federal government have made food access a challenge here.

Only four grocery stores serve the entire reservation. Fresh, healthy produce and meat options are often limited at these stores, and prices are higher than in neighboring communities, making access difficult for low–income families. Instead, highly processed foods, rich in sugars, carbohydrates and fat make up the bulk of the food choices.

Meanwhile, incidents of preventable health issues such as diabetes, heart disease and lung, colorectal and kidney cancers have been above statewide averages for more than a decade. Rates of chronic illness here exceed both state and national averages, and are high in comparison with other tribal nations across the country. In addition to the health concerns, the saturation of unhealthy, processed foods and pervasive food insecurity mean losing touch with a cultural heritage based on bison and the landscape they inhabit.

Bison at the Buffalo Spirit Ranch, one of three properties the Blackfeet tribe owns as part of their bison program. They move their bison herd across the three properties depending on the time of year.

For the Blackfeet, bison are as much a source of food as they are a part of their cultural identity. Before the bison’s extermination, their movements across the plains shaped the Blackfeet way of life so much that nearly 200 years later, the community is still grappling with the generational trauma resulting from the sudden loss of these animals from the prairie.

Recognizing these problems, the tribal government, a variety of non-profits and dedicated community members decided to take action. In 2016, the Blackfeet Nation became one of the first tribal governments to implement a program that would assert tribal management over agricultural resources within the reservation, with the greater goal of establishing food sovereignty and tribal self-determination.

Known as an agricultural resource management plan (ARMP), the program created by the Blackfeet was the first in the nation to be built around cultural practices, and centered on the five pillars of Blackfeet values: creating sustainable economic development, strengthening cultural knowledge, increasing organizational development, investing in the Piikani people and promoting health, healing and nutrition.

Kim Paul, Piikani Lodge Health Institute’s executive director, at the property recently acquired by her organization.

Now, nearly a decade after implementation, the community has taken the reins. While the tribal government was able to implement the ARMP, fulfilling some of the larger goals and objectives proved to be a challenge. Seeing the need to help implement some of the aspects of the ARMP, several food-oriented non-profits have sprouted up.

One of these non-profits is the Piikani Lodge Health Institute (PLHI), which was established to implement some of the goals of the ARMP. It was founded by Kim Paul, whose studies in human metabolic systems informed how she saw the issues of obesity and disease within her community. She worked to find ways to pair western science with traditional beliefs and practices to examine how ancestral knowledge could offer solutions.

PLHI volunteers load lodgepoles onto a trailer.Left: Royce Mad Plume and Reese Harwood, field staff at PLHI, prepare to raise a lodge at the PLHI property. This knot is a key component of the traditional Siksikaitsitapii (the “real people”, or “Blackfeet speaking people”) method of erecting a lodge. Right: Lower St Mary Lake, in the Blackfeet Nation.

Noticing that her community was facing some of the highest rates of chronic diseases within tribal nations across the country, she started to wonder if at least some of that might be rooted in the sudden shift away from a traditional diet of meat, berries and fats, with people instead being made to rely on highly processed, carbohydrate-heavy government-supplied commodity foods.

Under Paul’s direction, PLHI began to plan and implement a traditional foods study to examine biomarker responses from switching to a diet that would have been available to the Amskapi Piikani before colonization.

PLHI interns and field staff help Reese Harwood connect the flaps while erecting a lodge at the PLHI property.

Bison and various berries, such as chokecherry and serviceberry, make up the bulk of the diet, along with wild onions, wild carrots and some wild potatoes. Paired with a baseline study, the PLHI project enrolled volunteers to participate in a 100-day diet to see how their bodies would react to the reintroduction of traditional foods. Initial responses have been promising, but due to rising costs and funding cuts, the intensity of blood draws and lab analysis, the study had to be dialed back.

PLHI has just received its final lab results, and are anticipating being able to quantify and publish the results in early 2026.

Joe LaPlant, Blackfeet bison program field staff, raises a rifle to harvest a bison from their herd.Bison crowd in to protect a young bull after it was shot for harvest by fieldworker Joe LaPlant.Bison blood on Chazz Racine’s hands after killing a bull on the Buffalo Spirit Ranch.

In addition to non-profits like PLHI, Blackfeet Community College (BCC) has started providing students with the tools and space to explore traditional practices paired with modern science to help to make food sovereignty a reality on the Blackfeet reservation.

Through the Blackfeet studies program, the Native Science Field Center and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) extension office, students and faculty at BCC have been able to apply modern bench science to validate the stories of tribal elders and to explore the roles of plants and wildlife in Blackfeet culture as sources of food and medicine.

Bison at the Buffalo Spirit Ranch.

Melissa Weatherwax, head of institutional development at BCC, has been able to leverage the college’s land-grant status to build the physical infrastructure needed to work on these projects. “My role is to provide the opportunity for the people doing the work, and to ask, how should I prepare you to do what you need to do?” Weatherwax said.

As students began working to integrate food, culture and community, the college expanded its footprint by acquiring 800 acres (325 hectares) of ranch land abutting their campus, and has since started construction on a bison- and cattle-processing facility. The facility will be the classroom for students to gain the skills and knowledge to work in the meat-processing industry.

Brandon Fish (left), USDA extension technician at Blackfeet Community College, works with intern Andrew After Buffalo to transplant vegetable starts on the campus’s garden. Part of the work being done at the BCC USDA extension is aimed at developing gardening techniques that increase yield in the short and often harsh growing season here.Left: A scarecrow ready to be deployed for the growing season at the USDA extension garden at BCC. Right: Newly installed solar panels at the site of a future greenhouse at the BCC campus. Federal funding has been vital for infrastructure projects like this.

It’s something the tribe hopes to eventually expand on to fully understand what it means to reconnect to a buffalo-based diet. Students from the college’s agriculture extension program have already been using the space to develop techniques to help local gardeners and small farmers increase their yield in a climate with an exceptionally short growing season.

Land-grant funding from the USDA has been consistent, but it’s never been enough to fully fund the sweeping work at BCC. Private donations, and other federal grant funding, have played a large part in bolstering the programming.

This year, several grants funding BCC have been cancelled by the Trump administration. “With this administration, we’re definitely challenged again, and you’re seeing historical trauma resurfacing because of all these shifts in funding,” said Helen Augere Carlson, the Piikani studies division chair and Title III director at BCC. “You can feel that every time funding gets pulled or is questioned for Natives.”

Left: A young child touches one of the inner stomachs of a recently harvested bison. The stomach was and is an important food source for Blackfeet people. Right: Robin Johnson, head of agricultural outreach at PLHI, at her ranch near East Glacier, Montana.

Broken treaties and broken promises are familiar across Indian country. “You don’t get off the hook for breaking a treaty,” Carlson said. But, through these difficulties, the mission persists, Carlson said: “Education is so powerful. It’s what we need, to have this programming that heals us.”

Economic prosperity and financial security also play a large role in the difficulties of restoring food sovereignty to the Blackfeet Nation, and ranching is central to both.

Most beef produced there – from roughly 60,000 animals per year – ends up being sold on the national commodity market. Four companies own nearly 80% of the beef feed lots and processing operations in the country, making it difficult to keep money generated from Blackfeet beef on the reservation.

Wheat stubble on farmlands owned by a Hutterite colony near Browning, Montana. Complications stemming from federal management of reservation lands have given outside groups such as the Hutterites an advantage in purchasing farmlands within the reservation’s boundaries.

Robin Johnson, a cattle rancher who is also head of agricultural outreach at PLHI, has been keenly aware of these difficulties. After seeing the market become consolidated and how that affected her bottom line, she began to reach out to cattle buyers directly to cut out the middleman. But that’s not always an option for smaller ranches. One solution the community is considering is a tribally owned processing facility. “It would completely put the rebar in our food system here at home,” Paul said. “We produce a lot of beef for America.”

Andrew After Buffalo loads a bison shoulder into a mobile processing trailer at BCC. BCC acquired this trailer as part of an initiative to help train tribal members to work in the meat-processing industry.A bison hide is ready to be preserved. Students in the Piikani language program at BCC learned about historical practices and the cultural importance of bison during a presentation at the college in June of 2025.Treyace Yellow Owl holds a bison heart outside of the bison and cattle processing facility currently under construction at BCC. The triangle shape of the heart is prominent in Blackfeet designs.

Challenges persist, and there isn’t a simple solution to overcoming the centuries of trauma and the difficult realities of reservation life. But the Blackfeet Nation has managed to work proactively, and from a position of strength, to find long-term, sustainable solutions to problems stemming from the disparities created by the reservation system.

“Trauma, we’ve had so much, and it still continues, the lack of jobs, the lack of infrastructure, the hopelessness,” Paul said, “but we want to turn that around here.”

A hawk flies past an old home on the PLHI property.

Aaron Agosto is a freelance photographer based in Bigfork, Montana. He has been photographing life in the American west since 2020