From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ikigai (生き甲斐, lit. ‘a reason for being’) is a Japanese concept referring to what an individual defines as the meaning of their life.[1]

Meaning and etymology

[edit]

The Oxford English Dictionary defines ikigai () as "a motivating force; something or someone that gives a person a sense of purpose or a reason for living". More generally, it may refer to something that brings pleasure or fulfillment.[2]

The term compounds two Japanese words: iki (生き, meaning ‘life; alive’) and kai (甲斐, meaning ‘effect’), which, when combined and sequentially voiced as gai, result in the meaning ’a reason for living [being alive]; a meaning for [to] life; what [something that] makes life worth living; a ‘raison d’être’.

In their book, Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life, Héctor García and Francesc Miralles explain, "This Japanese concept, which translates roughly as ‘the happiness of always being busy,’ is like logotherapy, but it goes a step beyond."[3] In 2022, the Japanese government posted an article on their official website stating, "A broad concept, it [ikigai] refers to that which brings value and joy to life: from people, such as one’s children or friends, to activities including work and hobbies."[4]

An example of a Ikigai diagram

In their book, Héctor García and Francesc Miralles include a Venn diagram created by Marc Winn, which in turn was likely inspired by the "purpose" diagram created in 2011 by Andrés Zuzunaga, replacing "purpose" with "ikigai." This diagram includes four elements: what a person likes, what a person is good at, what the world needs, and what can be rewarded. When these four elements overlap, that person has found their ikigai.[5]

The diagram does not originate in Japan,[6] and has been described as an "unrealistic ideal" that is "catchy but misleading".[7]

Ikigai can be described as having a sense of purpose in life,[8][9] as well as being a source of motivation.[10] According to a study by Michiko Kumano, feeling ikigai as described in Japanese usually refers to the sense of accomplishment and fulfillment that follows when people pursue their passions.[11] Activities that generate the feeling of ikigai are not imposed on an individual; they are perceived as spontaneous and undertaken willingly, making them personal and dependent on a person’s inner self.[12][13][14][15]

According to Japanese psychologist Katsuya Inoue, ikigai is a concept that consists of two aspects: "sources or objects that bring value or meaning to life" and "a feeling that one’s life has value or meaning because of the existence of its source or object". Inoue classifies ikigai into three categories – social ikigai, non-social ikigai, and anti-social ikigai – from a social perspective. Social ikigai refers to form of ikigai accepted by society, such as volunteer activities and community activities. A non-social ikigai refers to ikigai that is not directly related to society, such as faith or self-discipline. Anti-social ikigai refers to ikigai, which is the basic motivation for living through dark emotions, such as the desire to hate someone or something or to continue having a desire for revenge.[16]

National Geographic reporter Dan Buettner suggested that ikigai may be one of the reasons for the longevity of the people of Okinawa.[17][4] According to Buettner, Okinawans have less desire to retire and they continue doing their favorite job as long as they remain healthy. Moai, a close-knit group of friends, is also considered an important reason for the people of Okinawa to live long.[3]

Early popularization

[edit]

Ikigai was first popularized by the Japanese psychiatrist and academic Mieko Kamiya in her 1966 book, On the Meaning of Life (生きがいについて, ikigai ni tsuite).[18]

In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, ikigai was thought to have two primary forms of manifestation: either in terms of the betterment of society ("subordinating one’s own desires to others") or the improvement of oneself ("following one’s own path").[19]

According to anthropologist Chikako Ozawa-de Silva, for an older generation in Japan, their ikigai was to "fit this standard mold of company and family", whereas the younger generation reported their ikigai to be about "dreams of what they might become in the future".[20]

Studies have shown that people who do not experience ikigai are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases. However, there was no evidence of any correlation with development of malignant tumors.[21][22]

	This section needs expansion with: Add details about the scale. You can help by adding to it. (October 2024)

An Ikigai scale has been constructed to measure the effects on mental and physical health effects on those people who practice it.[23]

• Eudaimonia – related concept in ancient Greek philosophy
• Joie de vivre
• Logotherapy
• Meaning-making
• Motivation § Types
• Raison d’être

1. ^ Y., Kotera; G., Kaluzeviciute; Gulcan, Garip; Kirsten, McEwan; Katy, Chamberlain (2021). "Health Benefits of Ikigai: A Review of Literature". Concurrent Disorders Society Publishing.
2. ^ "ikigai". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 July 2021. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
3. ^ a b García, Héctor; Miralles, Francesc (2017). Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-313072-7.
4. ^ a b "Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Joyful Life". The Government of Japan - JapanGov -. 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
5. ^ https://www.cosmograma.com/proposito.php [bare URL]
6. ^ https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/10/27/what-japan-makes-of-ikigai
7. ^ https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/are-we-deciphering-ikigai-all-wrong-the-truth-behind-japans-most-misunderstood-philosophy/articleshow/118901128.cms
8. ^ Schippers, Michaéla (2017-06-16). IKIGAI: Reflection on Life Goals Optimizes Performance and Happiness. Erasmus Research Institute of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam. ISBN 978-90-5892-484-1. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
9. ^ Mathews, Gordon (1996). "The Stuff of Dreams, Fading: Ikigai and "The Japanese Self"". Ethos. 24 (4): 718–747. doi:10.1525/eth.1996.24.4.02a00060. ISSN 0091-2131. JSTOR 640520.
10. ^ Schippers, Michaéla C.; Ziegler, Niklas (2019-12-13). "Life Crafting as a Way to Find Purpose and Meaning in Life". Frontiers in Psychology. 10: 2778. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02778. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 6923189. PMID 31920827.
11. ^ Kumano, Michiko (2018-06-01). "On the Concept of Well-Being in Japan: Feeling Shiawase as Hedonic Well-Being and Feeling Ikigai as Eudaimonic Well-Being". Applied Research in Quality of Life. 13 (2): 419–433. doi:10.1007/s11482-017-9532-9. ISSN 1871-2576. S2CID 149162906.
12. ^ Nakanishi, N (1999-05-01). "‘Ikigai’ in older Japanese people". Age and Ageing. 28 (3): 323–324. doi:10.1093/ageing/28.3.323. ISSN 1468-2834. PMID 10475874.
13. ^ Okuzono, Sakurako S.; Shiba, Koichiro; Kim, Eric S.; Shirai, Kokoro; Kondo, Naoki; Fujiwara, Takeo; Kondo, Katunori; Lomas, Tim; Trudel-Fitzgerald, Claudia; Kawachi, Ichiro; VanderWeele, Tyler J. (2022). "Ikigai and subsequent health and wellbeing among Japanese older adults: Longitudinal outcome-wide analysis". The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific. 21 100391. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100391. PMC 8814687. PMID 35141667.
14. ^ Miyazaki, Junji; Shirai, Kokoro; Kimura, Takashi; Ikehara, Satoyo; Tamakoshi, Akiko; Iso, Hiroyasu (2022). "Purpose in life (Ikigai) and employment status in relation to cardiovascular mortality: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study". BMJ Open. 12 (10) e059725. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059725. PMC 9557793. PMID 36216422.
15. ^ Wilkes, Juliet; Garip, Gulcan; Kotera, Yasuhiro; Fido, Dean (2023). "Can Ikigai Predict Anxiety, Depression, and Well-being?". International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 21 (5): 2941–2953. doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00764-7. PMC 8887802. PMID 35250405.
16. ^ Inoue, Katsuya (2000). Psychology of Aging. Chuo Hoki Shuppan. pp. 80–99, 144–145. ISBN 978-4-8058-1895-4.
17. ^ Buettner, Dan (September 2009). "How to live to be 100+". TED. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
18. ^ Kamiya, Mieko (1980). "『生きがいについて』 ("On the Meaning of Life" in Japanese)". Japan: Misuzu Shobo. ISBN 4-622-08181-4.
19. ^ Manzenreiter, Wolfram; Holthus, Barbara (2017-03-27). Happiness and the Good Life in Japan. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-35273-0. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
20. ^ Ozawa-de Silva, Chikako (2020-02-11). "In the eyes of others: Loneliness and relational meaning in life among Japanese college students". Transcultural Psychiatry. 57 (5): 623–634. doi:10.1177/1363461519899757. ISSN 1363-4615. PMID 32041496. S2CID 211078070.
21. ^ Sone T.; Nakaya N.; Ohmori K.; Shimazu T.; Higashiguchi M.; Kakizaki M.; Kikuchi N.; Kuriyama S.; Tsuji I. (2008). "Sense of life worth living (ikigai) and mortality in Japan: Ohsaki Study". Psychosomatic Medicine. 70 (6): 709–15. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817e7e64. PMID 18596247. S2CID 10483513.
22. ^ Tanno K.; Sakata K.; Ohsawa M.; Onoda T.; Itai K.; Yaegashi Y.; Tamakoshi A.; et al. (JACC Study Group) (2009). "Associations of ikigai as a positive psychological factor with all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality among middle-aged and elderly Japanese people: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study". Journal of Psychosomatic. 67 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.018. PMID 19539820.
23. ^ Yoshida K (1994). "Evaluation of a revised "Ikigai" scale and the relationship between motivation for achievement of a purpose and mental health in senior high school students". Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 41 (12): 1162–8. PMID 7894068.

Look up ikigai in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• "Factors associated with ‘Ikigai’ among members of a public temporary employment agency for seniors (Silver Human Resources Centre) in Japan; gender differences", Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2006; 4:12 (retrieved Nov 2008).
• "Ikigai and Mortality" Psychology Today. 17 Sep 2008 (retrieved Jan 2010).
• "Dan Buettner: How to live to be 100+" TED talk about longevity that explains the word in the Okinawan context. Jan 2010.
• Japan’s formula for life satisfaction. By Lily Crossley-Baxter, 11 May 2020, bbc.com.

Categories:

• Happiness
• Culture of Japan
• Japanese words and phrases
• Mental states
• Self
• Sociological terminology
• Words and phrases describing personality
• Philosophy of life