Data availability
The mass spectrometry proteomics data generated in this study have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository under accession code PXD06646654. [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD066466]. The proteomics data are available under restricted access for research purposes that comply with the informed consent and ethical approval of this study; access can be obtained by submitting a data request to the corresponding author (Dr. Xiaohua Liang, xiaohualiang@hospital.cqmu.edu...
Data availability
The mass spectrometry proteomics data generated in this study have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository under accession code PXD06646654. [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD066466]. The proteomics data are available under restricted access for research purposes that comply with the informed consent and ethical approval of this study; access can be obtained by submitting a data request to the corresponding author (Dr. Xiaohua Liang, xiaohualiang@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn) and signing a data use agreement. Requests will be responded to within 4 weeks. The raw lipidomics data generated in this study are protected and available under controlled access due to ethical restrictions concerning sensitive health information from minors and compliance with Chinese data protection regulations (Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China). Access to raw lipidomics data requires: (1) submission of a research proposal to the corresponding author (Dr. Xiaohua Liang, xiaohualiang@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn); (2) approval by the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; (3) execution of a data use agreement that specifies permitted uses, prohibits re-identification attempts, and requires data destruction upon project completion. Requests will be responded to within 4 weeks. The processed lipidomics data (lipid intensities and differential abundance results) are provided in the Source Data file. The summary statistics and processed datasets supporting the findings of this study are available in the Supplementary Information file and the Source Data file. De-identified participant-level data (clinical, anthropometric, and dietary data) are available from the corresponding author upon request, subject to review and approval of a research proposal and a signed data access agreement. Source data are provided with this paper.
Code availability
The source code, including scripts for cardiovascular data processing, mixed-effects modeling, differential expression analysis, machine learning feature selection, mediation analysis, and data visualization, is publicly available on GitHub at (https://github.com/LQ-doctor/Eating-Time-Patterns) and has been archived on Zenodo with DOI: (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17996048).
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Acknowledgements
We thank all the children, their families, and the staff of the participating schools in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou for their cooperation and support. We also acknowledge the medical teams from the respective local centers for their assistance in data and sample collection. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation Project of China (No. 82574113, 82373590, to X.L.), the Joint Key Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau and Health Commission (No. 2025ZDXM008, to X.L.), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2024YFC2707605, to X.L.), the Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine from Chongqing Medical University (No. W0088, to X.L.), the General Project of Clinical Medical Research from National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (No. NCRCCHD-2022-GP-01, to X.L.), the Young and Middle-aged Medical Outstanding Expert Project of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission (No. 78, to X.L.), the Major Health Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (No. CSTC2021jscx-gksb-N0001, CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0180, 2023MSXM036, to X.L.), and the Intelligent Medicine Project of Chongqing Medical University (No. ZHYX202109, to X.L.). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Author information
Author notes
These authors contributed equally: Qin Liu, Xiaohua Liang.
Authors and Affiliations
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents’ Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, Chongqing, China
Qin Liu, Jingyu Chen, Xizhou An, Lanling Chen, Lijing Chen, Daochao Huang & Xiaohua Liang 1.
School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
Bo Bai 1.
Shimian People’s Hospital, Ya’an, China
Jun Ma 1.
Disease Control and Prevention Center of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China
Lun Xiao 1.
Xishui County Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guizhou, China
Shuanggui Yuan 1.
Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Jianxin Li
Authors
- Qin Liu
- Jingyu Chen
- Xizhou An
- Lanling Chen
- Bo Bai
- Lijing Chen
- Daochao Huang
- Jun Ma
- Lun Xiao
- Shuanggui Yuan
- Jianxin Li
- Xiaohua Liang
Contributions
X.L. and Q.L. conceived and designed the study. Q.L., J.C., X.A., L.L.C. (Lanling Chen), L.J.C. (Lijing Chen), D.H., J.M., L.X., S.Y., and J.X. acquired the data. Q.L., X.A., and J.C. performed the statistical and bioinformatic analyses. Q.L. drafted the manuscript. X.L., B.B., and J.X. provided critical revision of the manuscript. X.L. supervised the project and acquired funding. All authors reviewed, edited, and approved the final version.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Xiaohua Liang.
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Cite this article
Liu, Q., Chen, J., An, X. et al. Multiomics insights into eating time patterns and cardiovascular risk among Chinese children. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68617-8
Received: 10 April 2025
Accepted: 08 January 2026
Published: 21 January 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68617-8