Man, I’ve always had this nerdy obsession with Linux. From day one, I was diving headfirst into the kernel, writing tiny tools using raw syscalls,basically skipping libc entirely and talking to the kernel like a badass. I made my own headers, wrote my own print routines, opened directories using getdents64, parsed /proc for processes… basically living dangerously in the kernel’s backyard.

At the time, I thought I was the shit doing everything “the real way.” And yeah, it worked. But what I didn’t realize was that I was skipping a whole layer of sanity that exists in libc. I had no idea about all the stuff it actually does. All the buffering, human-readable formatting, and things that make life not completely painful.

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That WTF Moment: /etc/nsswitch.conf

Everything hit me when I stumbled upon /etc/nsswitch.conf while poking around network and user stuff. I opened it and literally went:

“What the actual hell is this? Who the fuck uses this? Isn’t the kernel supposed to know this?”

It was super confusing. I was in full raw syscall mode, so the idea that some config file could tell libc how to handle getpwnam() or getaddrinfo() blew my mind. I had no clue why this “signboard” was even necessary.

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Okay, Now NSS Makes Sense

Turns out, NSS = Name Service Switch. And yeah, it’s basically a signboard inside libc telling it where the hell to look for information.

When a program calls something like getpwuid() or getpwnam(), it’s asking:

“Who is this user? What’s their username?”

Here’s the thing: the kernel doesn’t know usernames, it only knows numeric IDs, like UID = 1000. That’s where libc + NSS swoop in like superheroes.

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How It Actually Works

Say you call getpwnam("Deadpool"). libc does this:

1.Read /etc/nsswitch.conf

Finds the line for users:

passwd: files systemd

This basically says:

• First, check local files (/etc/passwd)
• Then, ask systemd’s dynamic user database

2.Call each NSS module in order

First: libnss_files.so.2 → looks in /etc/passwd

• Found? Cool → return result
• Not found? Keep going

Second: libnss_systemd.so.2 → ask systemd

• Found? Sweet → return result
• Not? Continue to next source if any

3.Return a struct passwd to your program

• Full info: username, UID, GID, home dir, shell, all the juicy stuff

Important: NSS itself is not a running program, just a config file + shared libraries. libc calls them dynamically, no extra processes involved.

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The Secret Sauce: libc Beyond Raw Syscalls

Here’s something I didn’t realize at first: libc is more than just a syscall wrapper. Sure, it wraps syscalls like write, read, open, getpid, etc., but it also adds a ton of extra sauce:

• Buffering and formatting: printf, fopen buffers, getline, etc.
• Memory management: malloc, free
• Threading support: pthread_* functions
• Policy and lookup logic: NSS modules, locale, hostname resolution

Without NSS, this extra sauce works partially:

• Syscalls themselves still happen correctly (you can open files, read directories, write to stdout)
• Buffering, formatting, memory, threading still works
• But any function that needs human-readable names (users, groups, hosts, services) would fail or return NULL, because libc has no map to tell it where to look

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NSS Modules Still Use Syscalls Under the Hood

Here’s the other thing that clicked the perfect image on my mind: even NSS modules themselves ultimately use syscalls.

• For example, libnss_files.so.2 reads /etc/passwd using open, read, close (syscalls).
• libnss_systemd.so.2 talks to the systemd service using IPC syscalls.
• So everything still hits the kernel eventually the NSS just adds a layer of logic so libc knows where and how to get the data.

Basically, libc + NSS = fancy middleware. Raw syscalls = truth. NSS just gives meaning to that truth and ensures humans don’t see useless numbers.

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How This Hit Me

Before this epiphany, my tools were like:

• Open directories with getdents64
• Read /proc/<pid>/status → get numeric UIDs
• Display numbers only

Which is perfectly fine if you just want raw truth. But it’s boring for humans. Humans want:

PID: 742   User: Deadpool   Process: bash

Not:

PID: 742   UID: 1000   Process: bash

NSS basically translates truth into meaning, and it’s libc that does all the heavy lifting.

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Layers of the System (Mental Picture)

Here’s how it finally clicked for me:

Some key nuggets I learned:

• libc does way more than syscalls its buffering, formatting, threading, memory, and yes, NSS
• NSS is optional if you only need numbers, but humans will hate your output
• Systemd has a dynamic user database for service and container users, which NSS can query
• Raw syscalls = truth, NSS = meaning

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My Reflection

Real talk: this was a big “oh shit” moment. I realized that all my badass low level tools were cool, but they weren’t really “user-friendly” or system aware. I had been skipping an entire ecosystem of userspace logic.

Now, I see the value in combining both:

• Raw syscalls → to understand the kernel and ABIs like a boss
• libc + NSS → to make tools that are readable, robust, and actually useful

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The One-Liner to Finalize It

“Syscalls give you the raw truth; NSS gives libc the damn map to turn that truth into something humans can actually understand.”

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This journey taught me not just how Linux works, but also how to think in layers: kernel, ABI, libc, NSS, and human-readable output.

And now, whenever I build a tool, I don’t just make it work, I know why it works, what layer is doing what, and how the pieces actually fit together.

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