nvshare: Practical GPU Sharing Without Memory Size Constraints

nvshare is a GPU sharing mechanism that allows multiple processes (or containers running on Kubernetes) to securely run on the same physical GPU concurrently, each having the whole GPU memory available.

You can watch a quick explanation plus a demonstration at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9n-5sc5AICY.

To achieve this, it transparently enables GPU page faults using the system RAM as swap space. To avoid thrashing, it uses nvshare-scheduler, which manages the GPU and gives exclusive GPU access to a single process for a given time quantum (TQ), which has a default duration of 30 seconds.

This functionality solely depends on the Unified Memory API provided by the NVIDIA kernel driver. It is highly unlikely that an update to NVIDIA’s kernel drivers would interfere with the viability of this project as it would require disabling Unified Memory.

The de-facto way (Nvidia’s device plugin) of handling GPUs on Kubernetes is to assign them to containers in a 1-1 manner. This is especially inefficient for applications that only use a GPU in bursts throughout their execution, such as long-running interactive development jobs like Jupyter notebooks.

I’ve written a Medium article on the challenges of GPU sharing on Kubernetes, it’s worth a read.

Indicative Use Cases

• Run 2+ processes/containers with infrequent GPU bursts on the same GPU (e.g., interactive apps, ML inference)
• Run 2+ non-interactive workloads (e.g., ML training) on the same GPU to minimize their total completion time and reduce queueing

Table of Contents

• Features

• Key Idea

• Supported GPUs

• Overview

• nvshare components

• Some Details on nvshare-scheduler

• Memory Oversubscription For a Single Process

• The Scheduler’s Time Quantum (TQ)

• Further Reading

• Deploy on a Local System

• Installation (Local)

• Usage (Local)

• Test (Local)

• Deploy on Kubernetes

• Installation (Kubernetes)

• Usage (Kubernetes)

• Use an nvshare.com/gpu Device

• (Optional) Configure scheduler using nvsharectl

• Test (Kubernetes)

• Uninstall (Kubernetes)

• Build For Local Use

• Build Docker Images

• Future Improvements

• Feedback

• Cite This Work

Features

• Single GPU sharing among multiple processes/containers

• Memory and fault isolation is guaranteed because co-located processes use different CUDA contexts, unlike other approaches such as NVIDIA MPS.

• Completely transparent to applications, no code changes needed

• Each process/container has whole GPU memory available

• Uses Unified Memory to swap GPU memory to system RAM

• Scheduler optionally serializes overlapping GPU work to avoid thrashing (assigns exclusive access to one app for TQ seconds at a time)

• Apps release GPU if done with work before TQ elapses

• Device plugin for Kubernetes

Key Idea

1. With cudaMalloc(), the sum of memory allocations from CUDA apps must be smaller than physical GPU memory size (Σ(mem_allocs) <= GPU_mem_size).
2. Hooking and replacing all cudaMalloc() calls in an application with cudaMallocManaged(), i.e., transparently forcing the use of CUDA’s Unified Memory API does not affect correctness and only leads to a ~1% slowdown.
3. If we apply (2), constraint (1) no longer holds for an application written using cudaMalloc().
4. When we oversubscribe GPU memory (Σ(mem_allocs) > GPU_mem_size), we must take care to avoid thrashing when the working sets of co-located apps (i.e., the data they are actively using) don’t fit in GPU mem (Σ(wss) > GPU_mem_size). We use nvshare-scheduler to serialize work on the GPU to avoid thrashing. If we don’t serialize the work, the frequent (every few ms) context switches of NVIDIA’s black-box scheduler between the co-located apps will cause thrashing.
5. If we know that Σ(wss) <= GPU_mem_size, we can disable nvshare-scheduler’s anti-thrashing mode.

Supported GPUs

nvshare relies on Unified Memory’s dynamic page fault handling mechanism introduced in the Pascal microarchitecture.

It supports any Pascal (2016) or newer Nvidia GPU.

It has only been tested on Linux systems.

Overview

nvshare components

• nvshare-scheduler, which is responsible for managing a single Nvidia GPU. It schedules the GPU "lock" among co-located clients that want to submit work on the GPU. It assigns exclusive access to the GPU to clients in an FCFS manner, for TQ seconds at a time.

• libnvshare.so, which we inject into CUDA applications through LD_PRELOAD and which:

• Interposes (hooks) the application’s calls to the CUDA API, converting normal memory allocation calls to their Unified Memory counterparts

• Implements the client side of nvshare, which communicates with the nvshare-scheduler instance to gain exclusive access to the GPU each time the application wants to do computations on the GPU.

• nvsharectl, which is a command-line tool used to configure the status of an nvshare-scheduler instance.

Some Details on nvshare-scheduler

IMPORTANT: nvshare currently supports only one GPU per node, as nvshare-scheduler is hardcoded to use the Nvidia GPU with ID 0.

nvshare-scheduler’s job is to prevent thrashing. It assigns exclusive usage of the whole GPU and its physical memory to a single application at a time, handling requests from applications in an FCFS manner. Each app uses the GPU for at most TQ seconds. If the app is idle, it releases the GPU early. When it wants to compute something on the GPU at a later point, it again requests GPU access from the scheduler. When the scheduler gives it access to the GPU, the app gradually fetches its data to the GPU via page faults.

If the combined GPU memory usage of the co-located applications fits in the available GPU memory, they can seamlessly run in parallel.

However, when the combined memory usage exceeds the total GPU memory, nvshare-scheduler must serialize GPU work from different processes in order to avoid thrashing.

The anti-thrashing mode of nvshare-scheduler is enabled by default. You can configure this using nvsharectl. We currently have no way of automatically detecting thrashing, therefore we must toggle the scheduler on/off manually.

Memory Oversubscription For a Single Process

nvshare allows each co-located process to use the whole physical GPU memory. By default, it doesn’t allow a single process to allocate more memory than the GPU can hold, as this can lead to internal thrashing for the process, regardless of the existence of other processes on the same GPU.

If you get a CUDA_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY it means that your application tried to allocate more memory than the total capacity of the GPU.

You can set the NVSHARE_ENABLE_SINGLE_OVERSUB=1 environment variable to enable a single process to use more memory than is physically available on the GPU. This can lead to degraded performance.

The Scheduler’s Time Quantum (TQ)

The TQ has effect only when the scheduler’s anti-thrashing mode is enabled.

A larger time quantum sacrifices interactivity (responsiveness) in favor of throughput (utilization).

The scheduler’s TQ dictates the amount of time the scheduler assigns the GPU to a client for. A larger time quantum sacrifices interactivity (latency) in favor of throughput (utilization) and vice-versa.

You shouldn’t set the time quantum to a very small value (< 10), as the time spent fetching the pages of the app that just acquired the GPU lock takes a few seconds, so it won’t have enough time to do actual computations.

To minimize the overall completion time of a set of sequential (batch) jobs, you can set the TQ to very large value.

Without nvshare, you would run out of memory and have to run one job after another.

With nvshare:

• Only the GPU portions of the jobs will run serialized on the GPU, the CPU parts will run in parallel
• Each application will hold the GPU only while it runs code on it (due to the early release mechanism)

Further Reading

Our ICSE 2024 paper is available at https://grgalex.gr/assets/pdf/nvshare_icse24.pdf.

nvshare is based on my diploma thesis titled "Dynamic memory management for the efficient utilization of graphics processing units in interactive machine learning development", published in July 2021 and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.26240/heal.ntua.21988.

Thesis:

The title and first part are in Greek, but the second part is the full thesis in English. You can also find it at grgalex-thesis.pdf in the root of this repo.

Presentation:

View the presentation on nvshare:

• Google Slides
• In ODP format
• In PDF format

Deploy on a Local System

Installation (Local)

For compatibility reasons, it is better if you build nvshare from source for your system before installing.

(Optional) Download the latest release tarball from the Releases tab or through the command-line:

wget https://github.com/grgalex/nvshare/releases/download/v0.1.1/nvshare-v0.1.1.tar.gz -O nvshare.tar.gz

Extract the tarball:

tar -xzvf nvshare.tar.gz

Install libnvshare.so and update the dynamic linker’s cache:

sudo mv libnvshare.so /usr/local/lib/libnvshare.so && \
sudo ldconfig /usr/local/lib

Install nvshare-scheduler:

nvshare uses UNIX sockets for communication and stores them under /var/run/nvshare, so it must run as root.

sudo mv nvshare-scheduler /usr/local/sbin/nvshare-scheduler

Install nvsharectl:

sudo mv nvsharectl /usr/local/bin/nvsharectl

Remove the tarball:

rm nvshare.tar.gz

Usage (Local)

Start the nvshare-scheduler:

It must run as root, so we must use sudo.

The nvshare-scheduler executable will:

• Create the /var/run/nvshare directory
• Create the /var/run/nvshare/scheduler.sock UNIX socket
• Listen for requests from nvshare clients.

Option A: Start nvshare-scheduler with normal logging:

sudo bash -c 'nvshare-scheduler'

Option B: Start nvshare-scheduler with debug logging:

sudo bash -c 'NVSHARE_DEBUG=1 nvshare-scheduler'

[TROUBLESHOOTING]: If you get the following error:

nvshare-scheduler: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.34' not found (required by nvshare-scheduler)

Then you must build nvshare from source for your system and re-install. 1.

Launch your application with LD_PRELOAD:

We inject our custom nvshare logic into CUDA applications using LD_PRELOAD. libnvshare automatically detects if it’s running in a CUDA application and only then communicates with nvshare-scheduler.

Option A: Export the LD_PRELOAD variable:

export LD_PRELOAD=libnvshare.so

You can then launch your CUDA application as you normally would.

Option B: Set the LD_PRELOAD environment variable for a single program:

Prepend the LD_PRELOAD directive and launch your program as you normally would.

LD_PRELOAD=libnvshare.so <YOUR_PROGRAM> <YOUR_ARGUMENTS>

Option C: Add an entry for libnvshare.so in /etc/ld.so.preload:

In some cases, for example when using a Jupyter Notebook Server, it may be hard to set environment variables for Notebooks that it spawns after it is stated. You can opt to use the ld.so.preload file in those cases.

sudo bash -c 'echo -ne "\n/usr/local/lib/libnvshare.so" >> /etc/ld.so.preload'

(Optional) Use nvsharectl to configure nvshare-scheduler:

By default, nvshare-scheduler is on. This means that during TQ seconds, only one process runs computation on the GPU.

usage: nvsharectl [options]

A command line utility to configure the nvshare scheduler.

-T, --set-tq=n               Set the time quantum of the scheduler to TQ seconds. Only accepts positive integers.
-S, --anti-thrash=s          Set the desired status of the scheduler. Only accepts values "on" or "off".
-h, --help                   Shows this help message

You can enable debug logs for any nvshare-enabled application by setting the NVSHARE_DEBUG=1 environment variable.

Test (Local)

If you don’t want to use docker, you can run the tests manually by cloning the repo, going to the tests/ directory and running the Python programs by hand, using LD_PRELOAD=libnvshare.so. The default tests below use about 10 GB GPU memory each. Use these if your GPU has at least 10 GB memory.

Install docker (https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/) 1.

Start the nvshare-scheduler, following the instructions in the Usage (Local) section. 1.

In a Terminal window, continuously watch the GPU status:

watch nvidia-smi

Select your test workload from the available Docker images:

• Variants that use 10 GB GPU memory:

• docker.io/grgalex/nvshare:tf-matmul-v0.1-f654c296

• docker.io/grgalex/nvshare:pytorch-add-v0.1-f654c296

• Variants that use 2 GB GPU memory:

• docker.io/grgalex/nvshare:tf-matmul-small-v0.1-f654c296

• docker.io/grgalex/nvshare:pytorch-add-small-v0.1-f654c296

export WORKLOAD_IMAGE=docker.io/grgalex/nvshare:tf-matmul-v0.1-f654c296

In a new Terminal window, start a container that runs the test workload:

docker run -it --gpus all \
--entrypoint=/usr/bin/env \
-v /usr/local/lib/libnvshare.so:/libnvshare.so \
-v /var/run/nvshare:/var/run/nvshare \
${WORKLOAD_IMAGE?} \
bash -c "LD_PRELOAD=/libnvshare.so python /tf-matmul.py"

Wait for the first container to start computing on the GPU, and then:

• Look at the nvshare-scheduler logs, watch the magic happen.
• Look at the nvidia-smi output, interpet the memory usage according to https://forums.developer.nvidia.com/t/unified-memory-nvidia-smi-memory-usage-interpretation/177372.

In another Terminal window, start another container from the same image you picked in step (4):

export WORKLOAD_IMAGE=docker.io/grgalex/nvshare:tf-matmul-v0.1-f654c296

docker run -it --gpus all \
--entrypoint=/usr/bin/env \
-v /usr/local/lib/libnvshare.so:/libnvshare.so \
-v /var/run/nvshare:/var/run/nvshare \
${WORKLOAD_IMAGE?} \
bash -c "LD_PRELOAD=/libnvshare.so python /tf-matmul.py"

Observe the following:

• At a given point in time, only one of the two applications is making progress

• Cross-check the above with the nvshare-scheduler logs, look for the REQ_LOCK, LOCK_OK, DROP_LOCK messages

• The GPU wattage is high compared to when the GPU is idle

• Use nvsharectl to turn off the anti-thrashing mode of the scheduler

• nvsharectl -S off

• Now both applications are running loose at the same time, thrashing!

Depending on your GPU memory capacity, the working sets might still fit in GPU memory and no thrashing will happen. Run more containers to cause thrashing.

• Notice the throughput and most importantly the wattage of the GPU fall, as the computation units are idle and page faults dominate.

• Use nvsharectl to turn the anti-thrashing mode back on

• nvsharectl -S on

• Thrashing soon stops and applications start making progress again. The GPU wattage also rises.

(Optional) Re-run, adding NVSHARE_DEBUG=1 before LD_PRELOAD to see the debug logs, which among other interesting things show the early-release mechanism in action.

Deploy on Kubernetes

Installation (Kubernetes)

Requirements:

• NVIDIA’s device plugin (https://github.com/NVIDIA/k8s-device-plugin)

Deploy the nvshare Kubernetes components:

nvshare-system namespace 1.

nvshare-system ResourceQuotas 1.

nvshare-device-plugin DaemonSet 1.

nvshare-scheduler DaemonSet

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-system.yaml && \
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-system-quotas.yaml && \
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/device-plugin.yaml && \
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/scheduler.yaml

The Device Plugin runs on every GPU-enabled node in your Kubernetes cluster (currently it will fail on non-GPU nodes but that is OK) and manages a single GPU on every node. It consumes a single nvidia.com/gpu device and advertizes it as multiple (by default 10) nvshare.com/gpu devices. This means that up to 10 containers can concurrently run on the same physical GPU.

Usage (Kubernetes)

Use an nvshare.com/gpu Device in Your Container

In order to use an nvshare virtual GPU, you need to request an ‘nvshare.com/gpu’ device in the limits section of the resources of your container.

Practically, you can replace nvidia.com/gpu with nvshare.com/gpu in your container specs.

You can optionally enable debug logs for any nvshare-enabled application by setting the NVSHARE_DEBUG: "1" environment variable. You can do this by following the instructions at https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/inject-data-application/define-environment-variable-container/.

To do this, add the following lines to the container’s spec:

resources:
limits:
nvshare.com/gpu: 1

(Optional) Configure an nvshare-scheduler instance using nvsharectl

As the scheduler is a DaemonSet, there is one instance of nvshare-scheduler per node.

Store the Pod name of the instance you want to change in a variable:

You can use kubectl get pods -n nvshare-system to find the name.

NVSHARE_SCHEDULER_POD_NAME=<pod-name>

Execute into the container and use nvsharectl to reconfigure the scheduler:

kubectl exec -ti ${NVSHARE_SCHEDULER_POD_NAME?} -n nvshare-system -- nvsharectl ...

Test (Kubernetes)

Deploy the test workloads:

The default tests below use about 10 GB GPU memory each. Use these if your GPU has at least 10 GB memory. Alternatively, you can pick any in the tests/manifests directory. The *-small variants use less GPU memory. You can either clone the repo or copy the link to the raw file and pass it to kubectl.

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/tests/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-tf-pod-1.yaml && \
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/tests/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-tf-pod-2.yaml

In a terminal window, watch the logs of the first Pod:

kubectl logs nvshare-tf-matmul-1 -f

In another window, watch the logs of the second Pod:

kubectl logs nvshare-tf-matmul-2 -f

(Optional) Find the node that the Pods are running on, watch the nvshare-scheduler logs from that node 1.

Delete the test workloads:

kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/tests/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-tf-pod-1.yaml && \
kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/tests/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-tf-pod-2.yaml

Uninstall (Kubernetes)

Delete all nvshare components from your cluster:

kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/scheduler.yaml
kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/device-plugin.yaml && \
kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-system-quotas.yaml && \
kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/grgalex/nvshare/main/kubernetes/manifests/nvshare-system.yaml && \

Build For Local Use

These instructions assume building on a Debian-based system.

You can use the artifacts on any machine that has glibc and supports the ELF binary format.

Install requirements:

sudo apt update && \
sudo apt install gcc make libc6-dev

Clone this repository:

git clone https://github.com/grgalex/nvshare.git

Enter the source code directory and build nvshare:

cd nvshare/src/ && make

Use the built nvshare-XXXX.tar.gz to deploy nvshare locally, starting from Step (2), using the new tarball name. 1.

Delete the build artifacts:

make clean

Build Docker Images

Install docker (https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/) 1.

Clone this repository:

git clone https://github.com/grgalex/nvshare.git

Enter the source code directory:

cd nvshare/

(Optional) Edit the Makefile, change the Image Repository. 1.

Build the core Docker images:

make build

(Optional) Push the core Docker images, and update the Kubernetes manifests under kubernetes/manifests to use the new images.

make push

Build the test workload Docker images:

cd tests/ && make build

(Optional) Push the test workload Docker images, and update the Kubernetes manifests under tests/kubernetes/manifests to use the new images.

make push

Future Improvements

• nvshare currently supports only one GPU per node, as the nvshare-scheduler is hardcoded to use the Nvidia GPU with ID 0. Support multiple GPUs per node/machine.
• Automatically detect thrashing, optimally toggle the nvshare-scheduler on/off.
• Intra-node GPU migration.
• Inter-node GPU migration.

Feedback

• Open a Github issue on this repository for any questions/bugs/suggestions.
• If your organization is using nvshare, you can drop me a message/mail and I can add you to USERS.md.

Cite this work

If you found this work useful, you can cite it in the following way:

Georgios Alexopoulos and Dimitris Mitropoulos. 2024. nvshare: Practical
GPU Sharing without Memory Size Constraints. In 2024 IEEE/ACM 46th
International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings
(ICSE-Companion ’24), April 14–20, 2024,Lisbon, Portugal. ACM, New York,
NY, USA, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3639478.3640034